ABSTRACT:
Tissue engineering applications commonly encompass the use of three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds to provide a suitable microenvironment for the incorporation of cells or growth factors to regenerate damaged tissues or organs and they classify on the basis of Geometrical, Composition, Fabrication Technique and Pore scale classification. Various materials are used for developing 3D Porous Scaffold like natural polymers, synthetic polymers, biodegradable materials and carbon based nanomaterial’s. The developments of 3D Pours Scaffold for tissue engineering involves systemic multi face processes that integrate biomaterial science fabrication techniques. The 3D Porous Scaffold also involves in various futures prospective like biosensors, bioelectronics and multi-tissue regeneration. Recently involve herbs in 3D Porous Scaffold include Piper nigrum, Salvia sclarea, and Ultra lactuca. Incorporating herbal extract into 3D Porous Scaffold enhances their biological performances in tissue engineering. These natural compounds improve biocompatibility, reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, and after antimicrobial protection. Electro spinning has emerged as one of the most affordable, versatile, and successful approaches to develop nonwoven nano/microscale fiber scaffolds whose structural features resembles that of the native extracellular matrix. Three biomimetic porous scaffolds created via Voronoi and Swarm. Intelligence methods were evaluated for fluid flow and mechanical response. Higher porosity boosted permeability and stress, while wall shear stress and stress shielding decreased. It emphasizes how pore size, shape, and interconnectivity affect mechanical strength, cell behavior, and scaffold functionality, and highlights current challenges and future directions for achieving reproducible, tissue-like constructs suitable for clinical use.
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