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Author(s): Arpita Srivastava1, Shalini Pandey2, Tanushree Panigrahi3, Arunima Sur*4

Email(s): 1arpita.sri110@gmail.com, 2shalinipandey78090@gmail.com, 3panigrahi.tanushree2002@gmail.com, 4arunimakarkungmail.com

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    1Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Chhattisgarh, Raipur (C.G.) India
    2Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Chhattisgarh, Raipur (C.G.) India
    3Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Chhattisgarh, Raipur (C.G.) India
    4Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Chhattisgarh, Raipur (C.G.) India
    *Corresponding Author Email- arunimakarkungmail.com

Published In:   Volume - 6,      Issue - 2,     Year - 2024


Cite this article:
Arpita Srivastava, Shalini Pandey, Tanushree Panigrahi, Arunima Sur (2024) Exploring the antimicrobial properties of essential oils derived from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis on food borne pathogens. NewBioWorld A Journal of Alumni Association of Biotechnology, 6(2):21-30.

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 NewBioWorld A Journal of Alumni Association of Biotechnology (2024) 6(2):21-30            

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Exploring the antimicrobial properties of essential oils derived from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis on food borne pathogens

Arpita Srivastava, Shalini Pandey, Tanushree Panigrahi, Arunima Sur*

 

Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Chhattisgarh, Raipur (C.G.) India.

*Corresponding Author Email- arunimakarkungmail.com

ARTICLE INFORMATION

 

ABSTRACT

Article history:

Received

05 November 2024

Received in revised form

22 December 2023

Accepted

26 December 2024

Keywords:

Essential oil;

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis; Food preservative; Antibacterial activity; GCMS;

Food borne pathogens.

 

 

Food safety is a global health issue, as foodborne pathogens continue to pose significant risks despite advances in hygiene and food production. Addressing this task entails pioneering methods to reduce or eliminate these pathogens. Essential oils, concentrated liquids containing complex plant-based compounds, have engrossed consideration for their antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Known for their applications in medicine, essential oils are nowadays being studied as natural alternatives to synthetic preservatives, driven by consumer demand for safer, preservative-free food options. This study emphases on the antimicrobial potential of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, also known as Night-flowering Jasmine or Parijat. Traditionally recognized for its therapeutic value, this plant holds promise as a natural antibacterial agent. The investigation involved extracting crude leaf extracts using various solvents, followed by GC-MS analysis to identify essential oil compounds in the plant. The results showed that Nyctanthes arbor-tristis displayed effective antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogen which was isolated from spoiled food and identified through 16SRNA analysis as gram positive bacteria and close homology of Bacillus specie. These findings highlight the plant’s potential as a natural food preservative, offering a safer, more sustainable solution for extending the freshness of perishable products. By reducing dependence on synthetic chemicals, essential oils from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis could enhance food safety while aligning with consumer preferences for natural, health-conscious products. The study underscores the promise of essential oils as a valuable tool in food preservation, addressing both health concerns and the mounting demand for natural nutriment additives.

 

Graphical Abstract

Antibacterial activity and structural characterization of essential oil compounds present Nyctanthes arbor-tristis plant


Introduction

DOI: 10.52228/NBW-JAAB.2024-6-2-4

Food safety remnants a persistent global health matter, with foodborne pathogens continuing to pose risks despite advances in hygiene and food production methods (Chhikara et al. 2018). To address these challenges, there is a necessity for innovative, effective strategies to reduce or eliminate foodborne pathogens. Integrating new techniques may strengthen public health protections. Simultaneously, consumer demand is shifting toward "green" products, with Western societies increasingly favoring fewer synthetic additives and eco-friendly products (Ceylan et al. 2016; da Costa et al. 2020). This trend has spurred a search for alternative, sustainable methods of controlling foodborne illnesses, with an emphasis on natural, health-conscious solutions.

Foodborne illnesses are caused by the consumption of contaminated food or water and represent a significant public health issue worldwide. The economic burden of these illnesses, including costs related to treatment, hospitalization, and epidemiological investigations, underscores the importance of finding effective prevention strategies. Alternative approaches to control foodborne pathogens, together with biological control, active packaging and natural compounds are gaining attention. Essential oils, in particular, are showing promise as natural antimicrobial agents for food safeguarding due to their safety and efficacy (Abdel-Halim et al. 2022; Chatterjee and Vittal 2021)

Plants naturally produce an extensive variability of secondary metabolites to defend themselves against threats such as microbial pathogens and herbivores. These compounds, which include essential oils, often have antimicrobial properties, making them valuable in food preservation and public health applications. Of the approximately 3,000 essential oils identified, around 300 have commercial importance in the flavor and fragrance industries. Essential oils, or plant essences, are volatile, aromatic substances with an oily consistency which are extracted from various plant parts. These concentrated liquids contain complex mixtures of phytocompounds identified for their antibacterial and antioxidant effects. Factually, essential oils have been utilized in traditional medicine, but there is growing interest in their potential as natural preservatives. Concerns over synthetic preservatives and their side effects have augmented the demand for essential oils as additives to prolong the shelf life of foods (Bopp et al. 2009; Camele et al. 2019)

This study focuses on Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, also known as Night-flowering Jasmine or “Parijat,” for its antimicrobial properties. This plant, long valued in outmoded medication, has newly been recognized for the antibacterial potential of its essential oil. The aim of this investigation is to examine Nyctanthes arbor-tristis essential oils and their effectiveness against common foodborne pathogens and to explore its potential as a natural food preservative. The essential oil of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is rich in bioactive compounds such as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and phenolics. These compounds have established sturdy antimicrobial activity contrary to common foodborne pathogens, this suggests that the essential oil could serve as an effective natural preservative. Additionally, the oil’s antioxidative properties could prevent spoilage, helping to encompass the shelf life of perishable foods (Karthick et al. 2019).

Research on Nyctanthes arbor-tristis essential oil aligns with the global shift toward sustainable, health-conscious practices in food safety and public health. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of this essential oil could lead to safer food processing, improved storage methods, and innovative approaches to healthcare. It can offer a valuable, natural solution to the ongoing issues of foodborne disease and antimicrobial resistance, supporting a more sustainable and effective path forward for public health.

Methodology

Collection of plant sample

The plants of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis were sourced from the Raipur region of Chhattisgarh, India. The leaves were cautiously cleaned with water and subsequently dried in the shade. Once fully dried, the samples were finely pulverized into powder using a grinder and kept at room temperature for future use.

Extraction of Essential oil

The powdered leaf samples of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis were extracted using several solvents in a Soxhlet apparatus, with a 7-hour cycle at 60°C. The resulting crude extract, containing essential oils, was stored in a refrigerator for future use.

GC-MS analysis of the crude extracts

The essential oils compounds present in extracts were further investigated by means of GC-MS MS Online instrument (Ceylan et al., 2016).

Bacterial sample isolation

Cooked food was allowed to spoil in the natural environmental condition. After one week the sample was collected and was transferred to agar plates prepared from Luria-Bertani Agar media and were incubated at 37℃ for 18 hours.

 Bacterial 16S RNA sequence analysis

The bacterial isolates were identified by Gram staining and were sent for 16S RNA sequence analysis for further identification.

Antimicrobial activity

Agar well diffusion method

The antibacterial efficacy of the extracts from the leaves was tested against bacterial strain. In this method, the bacterial pathogens were spreaded onto plates and 6 mm wells were prepared, on plates using a well cutter. Then, 100 µl of varying concentrations (15 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg, and 100 mg) of plant crude extracts from two different solvent were added to the wells using a micropipette. Sodium nitrite served as the positive control, while a bacterial culture plate was taken as the negative control. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours.(Deveci et al. 2019).

Results

Result of 16S RNA sequence analysis of bacterial pathogen by NCIM

In the current study the samples were isolated from spoiled food. In total 3 isolates were obtained. All the three bacterial isolates were found to be gram positive on the basis of Gram staining. After 16S RNA sequencing of these samples displayed that these bacteria are closest homology with Bacillus sp.

GC-MS analysis

The GC-MS analysis of the oil extracted in two solvents revealed the occurrence of 24 compounds amongst them, methyl linolenate, methyl palmitate, and phytol Hexadecanoic acid, 9-Octadecenoic acid, Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, ,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester, were some compounds of essential oil on the basis of their retention time.

Table 1.  16SRNA Sequencing analysis of bacterial samples

Bacterial samples

16S RNA Sequencing analysis

1. S1 

Bacterial samples showed closest homology with Bacillus sp.

2. S2

3. S3


Fig 1: GC-MS peaks of essential oil extracted using hexane as solvent

Fig 2: GC-MS peaks of essential oil extracted using petroleum ether

 

Table 2: Compound Table (hexane).

 

Compound Label

 

RT

 

Name

 

DB Formula

Cpd 2: 5,6,7,8,9,10-

Hexahydro-9-methyl-spiro[2H 1,3-benzoxazine-4,1'- cyclohexane]-2-thione

5.302

5,6,7,8,9,10-Hexahydro-9- methyl-spiro[2H-1,3- benzoxazine-4,1'- cyclohexane]-2-thione

C14H23NOS

Cpd 3: 3-(3-Oxo-2-prop-2- ynyl-cyclopentyl)-propionic

acid, methyl ester

5.429

3-(3-Oxo-2-prop-2-ynyl- cyclopentyl)-propionic acid, methyl ester

C12H16O3

Cpd 4: Oxiraneoctanoic acid,

3-octyl-, cis-

6.608

Oxiraneoctanoic acid, 3-octyl-

, cis-

C18H34O3

Cpd 5: Phenol, 3,5-bis(1,1-

dimethylethyl)-

6.821

Phenol, 3,5-bis(1,1- dimethylethyl)-

C14H22O

Cpd 6: 10-Methyl-8- tetradecen-1-ol acetate

7.306

10-Methyl-8-tetradecen-1-ol acetate

C17H32O2

Cpd 7: Methyl tetradecanoate

7.773

Methyl tetradecanoate

C15H30O2

Cpd 8: Phen-1,4-diol, 2,3- dimethyl-5-trifluoromethyl-

7.917

Phen-1,4-diol, 2,3-dimethyl-5- trifluoromethyl-

C9H9F3O2

Cpd 9: Acetic acid, 3,7,11,15- tetramethyl-hexadecyl ester

8.014

Acetic acid, 3,7,11,15- tetramethyl-hexadecyl ester

C22H44O2

Cpd 10: 3,7,11,15-

Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-

8.071

3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2- hexadecen-1-ol

C20H40O

Cpd 11: E-10-Methyl-11- tetradecen-1-ol propionate

8.271

E-10-Methyl-11-tetradecen-1- ol propionate

C18H34O2

Cpd 12: 3,7,11,15-

Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-

 

8.405

3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2- hexadecen-1-ol

C20H40O

Cpd 13: 1-Heptatriacotanol

9.118

1-Heptatriacotanol

C37H76O

Cpd 14: Hexadecanoic acid,

methyl ester

9.181

Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester

C17H34O2

Cpd 15: 9-Hexadecenoic acid,

methyl ester, (Z)-

9.296

9-Hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester, (Z)-

C17H32O2

Cpd 16: Hexadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, methyl ester

10.068

Hexadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-

, methyl ester

C18H36O2

Cpd 17: Propiolic acid, 3-(1- hydroxy-2-isopropyl-5- methylcyclohexyl)-, ethyl

10.295

Propiolic acid, 3-(1-hydroxy-2- isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl)-

, ethyl ester

C15H24O3

Cpd 18: Phthalic acid, butyl

undecyl ester

10.935

Phthalic acid, butyl undecyl ester

C23H36O4

Cpd 19: 9-Octadecenoic acid

(Z)-, methyl ester

11.017

9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester

C19H36O2

Cpd 20: Methyl 8-methyl-

decanoate

11.078

Methyl 8-methyl-decanoate

C12H24O2

Cpd 21: Methyl 12,15- octadecadienoate

11.133

Methyl 12,15- octadecadienoate

C19H34O2

Cpd 22: 9,12,15-

Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl

ester, (Z,Z,Z)-

11.384

9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)-

C19H32O2

Cpd 23: Methyl 16-hydroxy-

hexadecanoate

13.423

Methyl 16-hydroxy- hexadecanoate

C17H34O3

Cpd 24: 1H-2,8a-

Methanocyclopenta[a]cyclopr opa[e]cyclodecen-11-one, 1a,2,5,5a,6,9,10,10a-

octahydro-5,5a,6-trihydroxy- 1,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,7,9-

trimethyl-, [1S- (1.alpha.,1a.alpha.,2.alpha.,5.beta.,5a.beta.,6.beta.,8a.alph a.,9.alpha.,10a.alpha.)]-

20.008

1H-2,8a-

Methanocyclopenta[a]cyclopr opa[e]cyclodecen-11-one, 1a,2,5,5a,6,9,10,10a-

octahydro-5,5a,6-trihydroxy- 1,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,7,9- trimethyl-, [1S- (1.alpha.,1a.alpha.,2.alpha.,5. beta.,5a.beta.,6.beta.,8a.alph a.,9.alpha.,10a.alpha.)]-

C20H28O6

Cpd 25: Diethyl 4-(3,4- dimethoxyphenyl)-2,6- dimethyl-1,4-dihydro-3,5- pyridinedicarboxylate

30.57

Diethyl 4-(3,4- dimethoxyphenyl)-2,6- dimethyl-1,4-dihydro-3,5- pyridinedicarboxylate

C21H27NO6

 

 

Table 3: Compound Table (petroleum ether).

 

Compound Label

 

RT

 

Name

 

DB Formula

Cpd 1: Dimethyl sulfone

3.629

Dimethyl sulfone

C2H6O2S

Cpd 2: Benzoic acid, 2-(3- cyano-4,6-dimethyl-2- pyridyl) thiomethyl-, ethyl

5.042

Benzoic acid, 2-(3-cyano-4,6- dimethyl-2-pyridyl)thiomethyl-, ethyl ester

C18H18N2O2S

Cpd 3: Icosapent

5.131

Icosapent

C20H30O2

Cpd 4: Limonen-6-ol, pivalate

5.299

Limonen-6-ol, pivalate

C15H24O2

Cpd 5: 2-Adamantanol, 4-

bromo-

5.425

2-Adamantanol, 4-bromo-

C10H15BrO

Cpd 6: 7-Methyl-Z-tetradecen

1-ol acetate

5.728

7-Methyl-Z-tetradecen-1-ol acetate

C17H32O2

Cpd 7: 2,7-Diphenyl-1,6- dioxopyridazino[4,5:2',3']pyrr olo[4',5'-d]pyridazine

5.994

2,7-Diphenyl-1,6- dioxopyridazino[4,5:2',3']pyrr olo[4',5'-d]pyridazine

C20H13N5O2

Cpd 8: Octadecane, 1-chloro-

6.571

Octadecane, 1-chloro-

C18H37Cl

Cpd 9: Naphthalene, 1,3-

dimethyl-

6.606

Naphthalene, 1,3-dimethyl-

C12H12

Cpd 10: Phenol, 2,5-bis(1,1-

dimethylethyl)-

6.818

Phenol, 2,5-bis(1,1- dimethylethyl)-

C14H22O

Cpd 11: 1-Heptatriacotanol

6.896

1-Heptatriacotanol

C37H76O

Cpd 12: 10-Methyl-8- tetradecen-1-ol acetate

7.31

10-Methyl-8-tetradecen-1-ol acetate

C17H32O2

Cpd 13: 4-(2,4,4-Trimethyl- cyclohexa-1,5-dienyl)-but-3-

en-2-one

7.703

4-(2,4,4-Trimethyl-cyclohexa- 1,5-dienyl)-but-3-en-2-one

C13H18O

Cpd 14: Methyl 8-methyl-

nonanoate

7.773

Methyl 8-methyl-nonanoate

C11H22O2

Cpd 17: 1-Dodecanol, 3,7,11-

trimethyl-

8.015

1-Dodecanol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-

C15H32O

Cpd 18: 3,7,11,15-

Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-

8.07

3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2- hexadecen-1-ol

C20H40O

Cpd 22: 2-Pentadecanone,

6,10,14-trimethyl-

8.494

2-Pentadecanone, 6,10,14- trimethyl-

C18H36O

Cpd 24: tert-Hexadecanethiol

9.094

tert-Hexadecanethiol

C16H34S

Cpd 25: Hexadecanoic acid,

methyl ester

9.183

Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester

C17H34O2

Cpd 26: 9-Hexadecenoic acid,

methyl ester, (Z)-

9.298

9-Hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester, (Z)-

C17H32O2

Cpd 27: Z-(13,14-

Epoxy)tetradec-11-en-1-ol

9.955

Z-(13,14-Epoxy)tetradec-11- en-1-ol acetate

C16H28O3

Cpd 28: Oxiraneundecanoic acid, 3-pentyl-, methyl ester,

trans-

10.064

Oxiraneundecanoic acid, 3- pentyl-, methyl ester, trans-

C19H36O3

Cpd 29: Decahydronaphtho[2,3- b]furan-2-one, 3-[(1,5- dimethylhexylamino)methyl]-

8a-methyl-5-methylene-

10.229

Decahydronaphtho[2,3- b]furan-2-one, 3-[(1,5- dimethylhexylamino)methyl]- 8a-methyl-5-methylene-

C23H39NO2

Cpd 30: 1-Heptatriacotanol

10.296

1-Heptatriacotanol

C37H76O

Cpd 31: Phytol

10.936

Phytol

C20H40O

Cpd 32: 9-Octadecenoic acid,

methyl ester, (E)-

11.018

9-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, (E)-

C19H36O2

Cpd 33: Methyl 8-methyl-

decanoate

11.08

Methyl 8-methyl-decanoate

C12H24O2

Cpd 34: Methyl 11,14- octadecadienoate

11.134

Methyl 11,14- octadecadienoate

C19H34O2

Cpd 35: 9,12,15-

Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl

ester, (Z,Z,Z)-

11.383

9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)-

C19H32O2

Cpd 36: Cholestan-3-ol, 2- methylene-, (3.beta.,5.alpha.)

11.507

Cholestan-3-ol, 2-methylene-, (3.beta.,5.alpha.)-

C28H48O

Cpd 37: 7-Methyl-Z- tetradecen-1-ol acetate

12.038

7-Methyl-Z-tetradecen-1-ol acetate

C17H32O2

Cpd 38: Dihydroxanthin

12.366

Dihydroxanthin

C17H24O5

Cpd 40: 4,2-Cresotic acid, 6- methoxy-, bimol. ester, methyl ester, 4,6-dimethoxy-

o-toluate

13.354

4,2-Cresotic acid, 6-methoxy-

, bimol. ester, methyl ester, 4,6-dimethoxy-o-toluate

C29H30O10

Cpd 41: Methyl 9- methyltetradecanoate

13.42

Methyl 9- methyltetradecanoate

C16H32O2

Cpd 42: 1H-2,8a-

Methanocyclopenta[a]cyclopr opa[e]cyclodecen-11-one, 1a,2,5,5a,6,9,10,10a-

octahydro-5,5a,6-trihydroxy- 1,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,7,9-

trimethyl-, [1S- (1.alpha.,1a.alpha.,2.alpha.,5. beta.,5a.beta.,6.beta.,8a.alph a.,9.alpha.,10a.alpha.)]-

13.879

1H-2,8a-

Methanocyclopenta[a]cyclopr opa[e]cyclodecen-11-one, 1a,2,5,5a,6,9,10,10a-

octahydro-5,5a,6-trihydroxy- 1,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,7,9- trimethyl-, [1S- (1.alpha.,1a.alpha.,2.alpha.,5. beta.,5a.beta.,6.beta.,8a.alph a.,9.alpha.,10a.alpha.)]-

C20H28O6

Cpd 44: 1-Heptatriacotanol

14.48

1-Heptatriacotanol

C37H76O

Cpd 46: 1H-

Cyclopropa[3,4]benz[1,2- e]azulene 5,7b,9,9a-tetrol, 1a,1b,4,4a,5,7a,8,9-

octahydro-3-(hydroxymethyl) 1,1,6,8 tetramethyl-, 5,9,9a-

triacetate, [1aR (1a.alpha.,1b.beta.,4a.beta.,5

.beta.,7a.alpha.,7b.alpha.,8.al

pha.,9.beta.,9a.alpha.)]-

16.025

1H-Cyclopropa[3,4]benz[1,2- e]azulene-5,7b,9,9a-tetrol, 1a,1b,4,4a,5,7a,8,9-

octahydro-3-(hydroxymethyl)- 1,1,6,8-tetramethyl-, 5,9,9a- triacetate, [1aR- (1a.alpha.,1b.beta.,4a.beta.,5

.beta.,7a.alpha.,7b.alpha.,8.al

pha.,9.beta.,9a.alpha.)]-

C26H36O8

Cpd 49: 3,19;5,6-

Diepoxyandrostane, 17- acetoxy-4,4-dimethyl-3.beta.-

24.686

3,19;5,6-Diepoxyandrostane, 17-acetoxy-4,4-dimethyl- 3.beta.-methoxy-

C24H36O5

Cpd 50: Phenol, 3,5-bis(1,1-

dimethylethyl)-

30.571

Phenol, 3,5-bis(1,1- dimethylethyl)-

C14H22O

 


Antimicrobial activity

The antimicrobial efficacy of the extracts of petroleum ether consisting essential oil was effective on bacterial pathogen at the concentrations of 50mg/ml and 100mg/ml. Whereas the antimicrobial activity of hexane extract was effectual on bacterial pathogen add the concentrations of 25mg/ml, 50 mg/ml and 100mg/ml. antimicrobial activity of standard sodium nitrite was not effectual comparatively to the plant extracts.



Fig. 3 Antibacterial activity of hexane crude extract and petroleum ether crude extract and standard Sodium nitrite against the bacterial pathogens S1, S2 & S3

Table 4. Antibacterial activity of crude extracts of leaves of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis at different concentrations as compared with the antibacterial activity of Sodium nitrite as standard on Bacillus specie.

Pathogens

(Bacillus spp.)

Activity of crude extracts of leaves of

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis

at different concentrations

in mg/ml

Antibacterial activity of standard

as positive control

   Hexane crude extract

Petroleum ether crude extract

 Sodium nitrite

15

25

50

100

15

25

50

100

 

              -

 

              -

 

              -

S1

 

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

-

S2

 

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

+

S3

 

-

+

+

+

-

-

-

-

= Resistant, + = Sensitive


Discussion

The analysis of essential oils (EOs) using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) has revealed a rich diversity in chemical composition and notable bioactive properties. These findings highlight the therapeutic and industrial potential of EOs resulting from numerous plant sources. For instance, (Kaur and Kaushal 2020) reported eugenol as the major compound (88.20%) in an essential oil sample. This compound was transformed into derivatives such as eugenol-5-aldehyde and 5-allyl-2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid, showcasing the adaptability of essential oils for chemical modification and expanded functionality. Additionally, regional variations in the composition of Sideritis scardica EO demonstrated distinct chemical profiles, with Macedonian oils rich in α-cadinol and Bulgarian oils dominated by diterpenic compounds and octadecenol.  In the study by (Karthick et al. 2019), fourteen compounds were recognized in the essential oil of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis. The major component was 1-octanol (74.81%), along with phytol (6.80%), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (5.88%), and eucarvone (4.23%). These compounds display notable similarities to the chemical profile of jasmine essential oil. Interestingly, 7,9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro (4,5) deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione demonstrated strong binding interactions with bacterial protein targets 1UAG and 3TYE, achieving binding scores of −8.9 and −7.2 kcal/mol, respectively. These interactions involved both hydrophilic and hydrophobic bonding, suggesting a potential mechanism for the oil's antimicrobial efficacy (Karthick et al. 2019) Further studies have emphasized the unique compositions of EOs from other plant sources. (Osanloo et al.2020) identified p-allylanisole (67.62%) as the major component in ADEO, while p-cymene (20.81%) and α-phellandrene (20.75%) dominated AGEO. CLEO and CSEO were primarily composed of limonene (61.83% and 71.26%, respectively) (Osanloo et al. 2020) Similarly, (El-Nashar et al. 2021) identified 53 compounds in an EO sample, with α-pinene (21.09%) and β-(E)-ocimene (11.80%) as key constituent (Huynh et al., 2021); Fekry et al. (2022) reported carvone and sylvestrene as the major components in caraway fruit oil, representing 85.4% of the total composition (Fekry et al., 2022) The essential oil from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis flowers, studied by Siriwardena et al., revealed phytol (32.2%) and methyl palmitate (14.7%) as predominant compounds. These discoveries are reliable with the recognized biological activities of eugenol, which include antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, and cardioprotective properties. The antimicrobial activity of EOs is often attributed to their terpenoid components, which are capable of disrupting cell membranes, altering cell wall morphology, inhibiting ergosterol synthesis, and producing reactive oxygen species. (Jaiswal et al. 2024) conducted a study on the isolation and characterization of multidrug-resistant bacteria from poultry wastewater, reporting effective results. Harsingar leaf extracts, for example, unveiled important antibacterial activity contrary to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae, achieving inhibition zones of up to 22 mm. AGEO demonstrated antibacterial efficacy across multiple bacterial strains. At its highest tested concentration (8.00), it inhibited Staphylococcus aureus growth by 34%. Higher inhibition rates were observed for other pathogens, counting Pseudomonas aeruginosa (54%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (61%), and Escherichia coli (73%). Rosemary oil, acknowledged for its efficiency contrary to meat-spoiling bacteria such as Pseudomonas and Lactobacillus, and the antifungal properties of Thymus pulegioides oil further underscore the broad-spectrum antimicrobial potential of Eos (Siriwardena and Arambewela 2014); Khanam & Dwibedi, (2022) explored. At a concentration of 200 µg/mL, the ma ximum zone of inhibition was observed as follows: 12 mm for Nyctanthes Bark Extract (NBE), 10 mm for Nyctanthes Leaves Extract (NLE), and 7 mm for Nyctanthes Flower Extract (NFE). The Nyctanthes Bark Extract showed the uppermost zone of inhibition at 12 mm, comparable to the outcome of fluconazole (Khanam and Dwivedi, 2023); Shahwal et al. (2023) studied the efficacy of Cassia tora plant against the vaginal microflora amid rural and urban populations. Results revealed that Cassia tora unveiled potent antimicrobial activity counter to vaginal microflora (Shahwal et al. 2023) investigated the comparative study of antimicrobial activity of seed oil of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) in contradiction of bacteria and fungi. It was found that fennel oil was more efficient in opposing bacteria as compared to fungi (Sur 2020). (Verma et al. 2015)worked on the comparative study of clove oil against bacterial and fungal species. The antimicrobial action of clove oil was potent against both the species Similarly, (Srivastava et al. 2021) reviewed and conveyed the existence of countless bioactive compounds and therapeutic properties of Swertia chirayita (Srivastava et al. 2021) Additional reports were likewise specified by (Srivastava et al. 2021) concerning pharmacological properties of Tinospora cordifolia was thoroughly reviewed (Srivastava et al. 2021) reviewed the therapeutic significance of Butea monosperma. (Srivastava et al. 2023) investigated the potential of Andrographis paniculata against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, E. coli and B. licheniformis. The results revealed that the plant possessed significant property against the pathogens (Srivastava et al. 2024). (Verma et al. 2023) investigated the comparative analysis of antimicrobial activity of different species of Curcuma against human pathogenic bacteria whereas (Dubey et al. 2022) investigated the antimicrobial efficacy of commercially available Withania Somnifera (Ashwagandha) against pathogens.  Essential oils exhibit exceptional chemical, diversity and bioactivity, supporting their potential use in pharmaceutical, medical, and industrial applications. Their antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant, and other therapeutic properties make them versatile agents for .addressing health and environmental challenges. Continued exploration and characterization of EOs will expand their applicability and value in and commercial contexts.

Conclusion

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, has shown significant promise as a natural antibacterial agent due to the unique properties of its essential oil. Research has highlighted the potential of this essential oil in combating various foodborne pathogens, positioning it as a valuable alternative in the development of natural antibacterial compounds for food preservation and health applications.

The essential oil extracted from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is a complex mixture comprising a wide range of bioactive compounds, each contributing to its antibacterial properties. The ability to target such common foodborne pathogens underscores the potential of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis essential oil as an effective natural preservative for the food industry, reducing reliance on synthetic chemicals.

The probable applications of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis essential oil extend beyond food safety. By means of increasing concerns over antibiotic confrontation, this natural product offers a valuable alternative for antimicrobial agents. It could serve as a foundation for new antibacterial formulations, particularly in the expansion of treatments for infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria. Furthermore, its use in food preservation could provide a safer and more sustainable option for extending shelf life and maintaining food quality.

Conflict of interest Author declares that there is no conflict of interest.

Funding information not applicable.

Ethical approval not applicable.

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