NewBioWorld A
Journal of Alumni Association of Biotechnology (2024) 6(2):21-30
RESEARCH
ARTICLE
Exploring
the antimicrobial properties of
essential oils derived from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis on food borne
pathogens
Arpita
Srivastava, Shalini Pandey, Tanushree Panigrahi, Arunima Sur*
Amity
Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Chhattisgarh, Raipur (C.G.) India.
*Corresponding Author Email- arunimakarkungmail.com
ARTICLE INFORMATION
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|
ABSTRACT
|
Article history:
Received
05 November 2024
Received in revised form
22 December 2023
Accepted
Keywords:
Essential oil;
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis; Food preservative; Antibacterial
activity; GCMS;
Food borne pathogens.
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|
Food safety
is a global health issue, as foodborne pathogens continue to pose significant
risks despite advances in hygiene and food production. Addressing this task
entails pioneering methods to reduce or eliminate these pathogens. Essential
oils, concentrated liquids containing complex plant-based compounds, have
engrossed consideration for their antibacterial and antioxidant properties.
Known for their applications in medicine, essential oils are nowadays being
studied as natural alternatives to synthetic preservatives, driven by
consumer demand for safer, preservative-free food options. This study
emphases on the antimicrobial potential of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis,
also known as Night-flowering Jasmine or Parijat. Traditionally recognized
for its therapeutic value, this plant holds promise as a natural
antibacterial agent. The investigation involved extracting crude leaf
extracts using various solvents, followed by GC-MS analysis to identify
essential oil compounds in the plant. The results
showed that Nyctanthes arbor-tristis displayed effective antimicrobial
activity against foodborne pathogen which was isolated from spoiled food and
identified through 16SRNA analysis as gram positive bacteria and close
homology of Bacillus specie. These findings highlight the plant’s
potential as a natural food preservative, offering a safer, more sustainable
solution for extending the freshness of perishable products. By reducing
dependence on synthetic chemicals, essential oils from Nyctanthes
arbor-tristis could enhance food safety while aligning with consumer
preferences for natural, health-conscious products. The study underscores the
promise of essential oils as a valuable tool in food preservation, addressing
both health concerns and the mounting demand for natural nutriment additives.
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|
Graphical Abstract
Antibacterial
activity and structural characterization of essential oil compounds present Nyctanthes
arbor-tristis plant
Introduction
DOI: 10.52228/NBW-JAAB.2024-6-2-4
|
Food
safety remnants a persistent global health matter, with foodborne pathogens
continuing to pose risks despite advances in hygiene and food production
methods (Chhikara
et al. 2018). To
address these challenges, there is a necessity for innovative, effective
strategies to reduce or eliminate foodborne pathogens.
Integrating new techniques may strengthen public health protections.
Simultaneously, consumer demand is shifting toward "green" products,
with Western societies increasingly favoring fewer synthetic additives and
eco-friendly products (Ceylan et al. 2016; da Costa et al. 2020). This trend
has spurred a search for alternative, sustainable methods of controlling
foodborne illnesses, with an emphasis on natural, health-conscious solutions.
Foodborne
illnesses are caused by the consumption of contaminated food or water and
represent a significant public health issue worldwide. The economic burden of
these illnesses, including costs related to treatment, hospitalization, and
epidemiological investigations, underscores the importance of finding effective
prevention strategies. Alternative approaches to control foodborne pathogens,
together with biological control, active packaging and natural compounds are
gaining attention. Essential oils, in particular, are showing promise as
natural antimicrobial agents for food safeguarding due to their safety and
efficacy (Abdel-Halim
et al. 2022; Chatterjee and Vittal 2021)
Plants
naturally produce an extensive variability of secondary metabolites to defend
themselves against threats such as microbial pathogens and herbivores. These
compounds, which include essential oils, often have antimicrobial properties,
making them valuable in food preservation and public health applications. Of
the approximately 3,000 essential oils identified, around 300 have commercial
importance in the flavor and fragrance industries. Essential oils, or plant
essences, are volatile, aromatic substances with an oily consistency which are
extracted from various plant parts. These concentrated liquids contain complex
mixtures of phytocompounds identified for their antibacterial and antioxidant
effects. Factually, essential oils have been utilized in traditional medicine,
but there is growing interest in their potential as natural preservatives.
Concerns over synthetic preservatives and their side effects have augmented the
demand for essential oils as additives to prolong the shelf life of foods (Bopp et al. 2009; Camele et al. 2019)
This study
focuses on Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, also known as Night-flowering
Jasmine or “Parijat,” for its antimicrobial properties. This plant, long valued
in outmoded medication, has newly been recognized for the antibacterial
potential of its essential oil. The aim of this investigation is to examine Nyctanthes
arbor-tristis essential oils and their effectiveness against common
foodborne pathogens and to explore its potential as a natural food preservative.
The essential oil of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is rich in bioactive
compounds such as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and phenolics. These compounds
have established sturdy antimicrobial activity contrary to common foodborne
pathogens, this suggests that the essential oil could serve as an effective
natural preservative. Additionally, the oil’s antioxidative properties could
prevent spoilage, helping to encompass the shelf life of perishable foods (Karthick et
al. 2019).
Research
on Nyctanthes arbor-tristis essential oil aligns with the global shift
toward sustainable, health-conscious practices in food safety and public
health. Exploring the antimicrobial potential of this essential oil could lead
to safer food processing, improved storage methods, and innovative approaches
to healthcare. It can offer a valuable, natural solution to the ongoing issues
of foodborne disease and antimicrobial resistance, supporting a more
sustainable and effective path forward for public health.
Methodology
Collection of plant sample
The plants
of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis were
sourced from the Raipur region of Chhattisgarh, India. The leaves were
cautiously cleaned with water and subsequently dried in the shade. Once fully
dried, the samples were finely pulverized into powder using a grinder and kept
at room temperature for future use.
Extraction of Essential oil
The
powdered leaf samples of Nyctanthes
arbor-tristis were extracted using several solvents in a Soxhlet apparatus,
with a 7-hour cycle at 60°C. The resulting crude extract, containing essential
oils, was stored in a refrigerator for future use.
GC-MS analysis of the crude extracts
The
essential oils compounds present in extracts were further investigated by means
of GC-MS MS Online instrument (Ceylan et al., 2016).
Bacterial sample isolation
Cooked
food was allowed to spoil in the natural environmental condition. After one
week the sample was collected and was transferred to agar
plates prepared from Luria-Bertani Agar media and were incubated at 37℃ for
18 hours.
Bacterial 16S RNA sequence analysis
The
bacterial isolates were identified by Gram staining and were sent for 16S RNA
sequence analysis for further identification.
Antimicrobial activity
Agar well diffusion method
The
antibacterial efficacy of the extracts from the leaves was tested against
bacterial strain. In this method, the bacterial pathogens were spreaded onto
plates and 6 mm wells were prepared, on plates using
a well cutter. Then, 100 µl of varying concentrations (15 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg, and
100 mg) of plant crude extracts from two different solvent were added to the
wells using a micropipette. Sodium nitrite served as the positive control,
while a bacterial culture plate was taken as the negative control. The plates
were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours.(Deveci et al. 2019).
Results
Result
of 16S RNA sequence analysis of bacterial pathogen by NCIM
In the current study the samples were isolated from
spoiled food. In total 3 isolates were obtained. All the three bacterial
isolates were found to be gram positive on the basis of Gram staining. After
16S RNA sequencing of these samples displayed that these bacteria are closest
homology with Bacillus sp.
GC-MS
analysis
The GC-MS
analysis of the oil extracted in two solvents revealed the occurrence of 24
compounds amongst them, methyl linolenate, methyl palmitate, and phytol
Hexadecanoic acid, 9-Octadecenoic acid, Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester,
,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester, were some compounds of essential
oil on the basis of their retention time.
Table 1. 16SRNA
Sequencing analysis of bacterial samples
Bacterial
samples
|
16S RNA Sequencing analysis
|
1. S1
|
Bacterial samples showed
closest homology with Bacillus sp.
|
2. S2
|
3. S3
|
Fig 1: GC-MS peaks of essential oil extracted using hexane
as solvent
Fig
2: GC-MS peaks of essential oil extracted using petroleum ether
Table
2: Compound
Table (hexane).
Compound
Label
|
RT
|
Name
|
DB
Formula
|
Cpd 2: 5,6,7,8,9,10-
Hexahydro-9-methyl-spiro[2H 1,3-benzoxazine-4,1'- cyclohexane]-2-thione
|
5.302
|
5,6,7,8,9,10-Hexahydro-9-
methyl-spiro[2H-1,3- benzoxazine-4,1'- cyclohexane]-2-thione
|
C14H23NOS
|
Cpd 3: 3-(3-Oxo-2-prop-2-
ynyl-cyclopentyl)-propionic
acid, methyl ester
|
5.429
|
3-(3-Oxo-2-prop-2-ynyl-
cyclopentyl)-propionic acid, methyl ester
|
C12H16O3
|
Cpd 4: Oxiraneoctanoic acid,
3-octyl-, cis-
|
6.608
|
Oxiraneoctanoic acid,
3-octyl-
, cis-
|
C18H34O3
|
Cpd 5: Phenol, 3,5-bis(1,1-
dimethylethyl)-
|
6.821
|
Phenol, 3,5-bis(1,1-
dimethylethyl)-
|
C14H22O
|
Cpd 6: 10-Methyl-8-
tetradecen-1-ol acetate
|
7.306
|
10-Methyl-8-tetradecen-1-ol
acetate
|
C17H32O2
|
Cpd 7: Methyl
tetradecanoate
|
7.773
|
Methyl tetradecanoate
|
C15H30O2
|
Cpd 8:
Phen-1,4-diol, 2,3- dimethyl-5-trifluoromethyl-
|
7.917
|
Phen-1,4-diol,
2,3-dimethyl-5- trifluoromethyl-
|
C9H9F3O2
|
Cpd 9:
Acetic acid, 3,7,11,15- tetramethyl-hexadecyl ester
|
8.014
|
Acetic acid, 3,7,11,15-
tetramethyl-hexadecyl ester
|
C22H44O2
|
Cpd 10:
3,7,11,15-
Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-
|
8.071
|
3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-
hexadecen-1-ol
|
C20H40O
|
Cpd 11: E-10-Methyl-11-
tetradecen-1-ol propionate
|
8.271
|
E-10-Methyl-11-tetradecen-1-
ol propionate
|
C18H34O2
|
Cpd 12:
3,7,11,15-
Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-
|
8.405
|
3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-
hexadecen-1-ol
|
C20H40O
|
Cpd 13:
1-Heptatriacotanol
|
9.118
|
1-Heptatriacotanol
|
C37H76O
|
Cpd 14: Hexadecanoic acid,
methyl ester
|
9.181
|
Hexadecanoic acid,
methyl ester
|
C17H34O2
|
Cpd 15: 9-Hexadecenoic acid,
methyl ester, (Z)-
|
9.296
|
9-Hexadecenoic acid,
methyl ester, (Z)-
|
C17H32O2
|
Cpd 16:
Hexadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, methyl ester
|
10.068
|
Hexadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-
, methyl ester
|
C18H36O2
|
Cpd 17:
Propiolic acid, 3-(1- hydroxy-2-isopropyl-5- methylcyclohexyl)-, ethyl
|
10.295
|
Propiolic acid,
3-(1-hydroxy-2- isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl)-
, ethyl ester
|
C15H24O3
|
Cpd 18: Phthalic acid, butyl
undecyl ester
|
10.935
|
Phthalic acid, butyl
undecyl ester
|
C23H36O4
|
Cpd 19: 9-Octadecenoic
acid
(Z)-, methyl ester
|
11.017
|
9-Octadecenoic acid
(Z)-, methyl ester
|
C19H36O2
|
Cpd 20: Methyl 8-methyl-
decanoate
|
11.078
|
Methyl
8-methyl-decanoate
|
C12H24O2
|
Cpd 21:
Methyl 12,15- octadecadienoate
|
11.133
|
Methyl 12,15-
octadecadienoate
|
C19H34O2
|
Cpd 22: 9,12,15-
Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl
ester, (Z,Z,Z)-
|
11.384
|
9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic
acid, methyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)-
|
C19H32O2
|
Cpd 23: Methyl 16-hydroxy-
hexadecanoate
|
13.423
|
Methyl 16-hydroxy-
hexadecanoate
|
C17H34O3
|
Cpd 24: 1H-2,8a-
Methanocyclopenta[a]cyclopr opa[e]cyclodecen-11-one,
1a,2,5,5a,6,9,10,10a-
octahydro-5,5a,6-trihydroxy- 1,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,7,9-
trimethyl-, [1S-
(1.alpha.,1a.alpha.,2.alpha.,5.beta.,5a.beta.,6.beta.,8a.alph
a.,9.alpha.,10a.alpha.)]-
|
20.008
|
1H-2,8a-
Methanocyclopenta[a]cyclopr
opa[e]cyclodecen-11-one, 1a,2,5,5a,6,9,10,10a-
octahydro-5,5a,6-trihydroxy-
1,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,7,9- trimethyl-, [1S-
(1.alpha.,1a.alpha.,2.alpha.,5. beta.,5a.beta.,6.beta.,8a.alph
a.,9.alpha.,10a.alpha.)]-
|
C20H28O6
|
Cpd 25: Diethyl 4-(3,4-
dimethoxyphenyl)-2,6- dimethyl-1,4-dihydro-3,5- pyridinedicarboxylate
|
30.57
|
Diethyl 4-(3,4-
dimethoxyphenyl)-2,6- dimethyl-1,4-dihydro-3,5- pyridinedicarboxylate
|
C21H27NO6
|
Table
3: Compound
Table (petroleum ether).
Compound
Label
|
RT
|
Name
|
DB Formula
|
Cpd 1: Dimethyl sulfone
|
3.629
|
Dimethyl sulfone
|
C2H6O2S
|
Cpd 2:
Benzoic acid, 2-(3- cyano-4,6-dimethyl-2- pyridyl) thiomethyl-, ethyl
|
5.042
|
Benzoic acid,
2-(3-cyano-4,6- dimethyl-2-pyridyl)thiomethyl-, ethyl ester
|
C18H18N2O2S
|
Cpd 3: Icosapent
|
5.131
|
Icosapent
|
C20H30O2
|
Cpd 4: Limonen-6-ol,
pivalate
|
5.299
|
Limonen-6-ol, pivalate
|
C15H24O2
|
Cpd 5: 2-Adamantanol, 4-
bromo-
|
5.425
|
2-Adamantanol, 4-bromo-
|
C10H15BrO
|
Cpd 6: 7-Methyl-Z-tetradecen
1-ol acetate
|
5.728
|
7-Methyl-Z-tetradecen-1-ol
acetate
|
C17H32O2
|
Cpd 7:
2,7-Diphenyl-1,6- dioxopyridazino[4,5:2',3']pyrr olo[4',5'-d]pyridazine
|
5.994
|
2,7-Diphenyl-1,6-
dioxopyridazino[4,5:2',3']pyrr olo[4',5'-d]pyridazine
|
C20H13N5O2
|
Cpd 8: Octadecane,
1-chloro-
|
6.571
|
Octadecane, 1-chloro-
|
C18H37Cl
|
Cpd 9: Naphthalene, 1,3-
dimethyl-
|
6.606
|
Naphthalene,
1,3-dimethyl-
|
C12H12
|
Cpd 10: Phenol, 2,5-bis(1,1-
dimethylethyl)-
|
6.818
|
Phenol, 2,5-bis(1,1-
dimethylethyl)-
|
C14H22O
|
Cpd 11:
1-Heptatriacotanol
|
6.896
|
1-Heptatriacotanol
|
C37H76O
|
Cpd 12: 10-Methyl-8-
tetradecen-1-ol acetate
|
7.31
|
10-Methyl-8-tetradecen-1-ol
acetate
|
C17H32O2
|
Cpd 13: 4-(2,4,4-Trimethyl- cyclohexa-1,5-dienyl)-but-3-
en-2-one
|
7.703
|
4-(2,4,4-Trimethyl-cyclohexa-
1,5-dienyl)-but-3-en-2-one
|
C13H18O
|
Cpd 14:
Methyl 8-methyl-
nonanoate
|
7.773
|
Methyl
8-methyl-nonanoate
|
C11H22O2
|
Cpd 17:
1-Dodecanol, 3,7,11-
trimethyl-
|
8.015
|
1-Dodecanol,
3,7,11-trimethyl-
|
C15H32O
|
Cpd 18:
3,7,11,15-
Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-
|
8.07
|
3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-
hexadecen-1-ol
|
C20H40O
|
Cpd 22:
2-Pentadecanone,
6,10,14-trimethyl-
|
8.494
|
2-Pentadecanone,
6,10,14- trimethyl-
|
C18H36O
|
Cpd 24:
tert-Hexadecanethiol
|
9.094
|
tert-Hexadecanethiol
|
C16H34S
|
Cpd 25:
Hexadecanoic acid,
methyl ester
|
9.183
|
Hexadecanoic acid,
methyl ester
|
C17H34O2
|
Cpd 26:
9-Hexadecenoic acid,
methyl
ester, (Z)-
|
9.298
|
9-Hexadecenoic acid,
methyl ester, (Z)-
|
C17H32O2
|
Cpd 27:
Z-(13,14-
Epoxy)tetradec-11-en-1-ol
|
9.955
|
Z-(13,14-Epoxy)tetradec-11-
en-1-ol acetate
|
C16H28O3
|
Cpd 28:
Oxiraneundecanoic acid, 3-pentyl-, methyl ester,
trans-
|
10.064
|
Oxiraneundecanoic acid,
3- pentyl-, methyl ester, trans-
|
C19H36O3
|
Cpd 29:
Decahydronaphtho[2,3- b]furan-2-one, 3-[(1,5- dimethylhexylamino)methyl]-
8a-methyl-5-methylene-
|
10.229
|
Decahydronaphtho[2,3-
b]furan-2-one, 3-[(1,5- dimethylhexylamino)methyl]- 8a-methyl-5-methylene-
|
C23H39NO2
|
Cpd 30:
1-Heptatriacotanol
|
10.296
|
1-Heptatriacotanol
|
C37H76O
|
Cpd 31:
Phytol
|
10.936
|
Phytol
|
C20H40O
|
Cpd 32:
9-Octadecenoic acid,
methyl
ester, (E)-
|
11.018
|
9-Octadecenoic acid,
methyl ester, (E)-
|
C19H36O2
|
Cpd 33:
Methyl 8-methyl-
decanoate
|
11.08
|
Methyl
8-methyl-decanoate
|
C12H24O2
|
Cpd 34:
Methyl 11,14- octadecadienoate
|
11.134
|
Methyl 11,14-
octadecadienoate
|
C19H34O2
|
Cpd 35:
9,12,15-
Octadecatrienoic
acid, methyl
ester,
(Z,Z,Z)-
|
11.383
|
9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic
acid, methyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)-
|
C19H32O2
|
Cpd 36:
Cholestan-3-ol, 2- methylene-, (3.beta.,5.alpha.)
|
11.507
|
Cholestan-3-ol,
2-methylene-, (3.beta.,5.alpha.)-
|
C28H48O
|
Cpd 37:
7-Methyl-Z- tetradecen-1-ol acetate
|
12.038
|
7-Methyl-Z-tetradecen-1-ol
acetate
|
C17H32O2
|
Cpd 38:
Dihydroxanthin
|
12.366
|
Dihydroxanthin
|
C17H24O5
|
Cpd 40:
4,2-Cresotic acid, 6- methoxy-, bimol. ester, methyl ester, 4,6-dimethoxy-
o-toluate
|
13.354
|
4,2-Cresotic acid,
6-methoxy-
, bimol. ester, methyl
ester, 4,6-dimethoxy-o-toluate
|
C29H30O10
|
Cpd 41:
Methyl 9- methyltetradecanoate
|
13.42
|
Methyl 9-
methyltetradecanoate
|
C16H32O2
|
Cpd 42:
1H-2,8a-
Methanocyclopenta[a]cyclopr
opa[e]cyclodecen-11-one, 1a,2,5,5a,6,9,10,10a-
octahydro-5,5a,6-trihydroxy-
1,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,7,9-
trimethyl-,
[1S- (1.alpha.,1a.alpha.,2.alpha.,5. beta.,5a.beta.,6.beta.,8a.alph
a.,9.alpha.,10a.alpha.)]-
|
13.879
|
1H-2,8a-
Methanocyclopenta[a]cyclopr
opa[e]cyclodecen-11-one, 1a,2,5,5a,6,9,10,10a-
octahydro-5,5a,6-trihydroxy-
1,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,7,9- trimethyl-, [1S- (1.alpha.,1a.alpha.,2.alpha.,5.
beta.,5a.beta.,6.beta.,8a.alph a.,9.alpha.,10a.alpha.)]-
|
C20H28O6
|
Cpd 44:
1-Heptatriacotanol
|
14.48
|
1-Heptatriacotanol
|
C37H76O
|
Cpd 46: 1H-
Cyclopropa[3,4]benz[1,2-
e]azulene 5,7b,9,9a-tetrol, 1a,1b,4,4a,5,7a,8,9-
octahydro-3-(hydroxymethyl) 1,1,6,8 tetramethyl-, 5,9,9a-
triacetate, [1aR (1a.alpha.,1b.beta.,4a.beta.,5
.beta.,7a.alpha.,7b.alpha.,8.al
pha.,9.beta.,9a.alpha.)]-
|
16.025
|
1H-Cyclopropa[3,4]benz[1,2-
e]azulene-5,7b,9,9a-tetrol, 1a,1b,4,4a,5,7a,8,9-
octahydro-3-(hydroxymethyl)-
1,1,6,8-tetramethyl-,
5,9,9a- triacetate, [1aR- (1a.alpha.,1b.beta.,4a.beta.,5
.beta.,7a.alpha.,7b.alpha.,8.al
pha.,9.beta.,9a.alpha.)]-
|
C26H36O8
|
Cpd 49: 3,19;5,6-
Diepoxyandrostane, 17- acetoxy-4,4-dimethyl-3.beta.-
|
24.686
|
3,19;5,6-Diepoxyandrostane,
17-acetoxy-4,4-dimethyl- 3.beta.-methoxy-
|
C24H36O5
|
Cpd 50: Phenol, 3,5-bis(1,1-
dimethylethyl)-
|
30.571
|
Phenol, 3,5-bis(1,1-
dimethylethyl)-
|
C14H22O
|
Antimicrobial activity
The antimicrobial efficacy of the
extracts of petroleum ether consisting essential oil was effective on bacterial
pathogen at the concentrations of 50mg/ml and 100mg/ml. Whereas the
antimicrobial activity of hexane extract was effectual on bacterial pathogen
add the concentrations of 25mg/ml, 50 mg/ml and 100mg/ml. antimicrobial activity
of standard sodium nitrite was not effectual comparatively to the plant
extracts.
Fig. 3 Antibacterial activity of hexane
crude extract and petroleum ether crude extract and standard Sodium nitrite
against the bacterial pathogens S1, S2 & S3
Table 4. Antibacterial activity of crude
extracts of leaves of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis
at
different concentrations as compared with the antibacterial activity of Sodium
nitrite as standard on Bacillus specie.
Pathogens
(Bacillus
spp.)
|
Activity of
crude extracts of leaves of
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis
at different concentrations
in mg/ml
|
Antibacterial
activity of standard
as positive
control
|
Hexane crude extract
|
Petroleum
ether crude extract
Sodium nitrite
|
15
|
25
|
50
|
100
|
15
|
25
|
50
|
100
|
-
-
-
|
S1
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
+
|
-
|
S2
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
+
|
+
|
S3
|
-
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
=
Resistant, + = Sensitive
Discussion
The analysis of essential oils (EOs) using Gas
Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) has revealed a rich diversity in
chemical composition and notable bioactive properties. These findings highlight
the therapeutic and industrial potential of EOs resulting from numerous plant
sources. For instance, (Kaur and Kaushal 2020) reported eugenol as the major
compound (88.20%) in an essential oil sample. This compound was transformed
into derivatives such as eugenol-5-aldehyde and
5-allyl-2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid, showcasing the adaptability of
essential oils for chemical modification and expanded functionality.
Additionally, regional variations in the composition of Sideritis scardica
EO demonstrated distinct chemical profiles, with Macedonian oils rich in
α-cadinol and Bulgarian oils dominated by diterpenic compounds and
octadecenol. In the study by (Karthick
et al. 2019), fourteen compounds were recognized in the essential oil of Nyctanthes
arbor-tristis. The major component was 1-octanol (74.81%), along with
phytol (6.80%), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (5.88%), and eucarvone (4.23%).
These compounds display notable similarities to the chemical profile of jasmine
essential oil. Interestingly, 7,9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro (4,5)
deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione demonstrated strong binding interactions with
bacterial protein targets 1UAG and 3TYE, achieving binding scores of −8.9 and
−7.2 kcal/mol, respectively. These interactions involved both hydrophilic and
hydrophobic bonding, suggesting a potential mechanism for the oil's
antimicrobial efficacy (Karthick et al. 2019) Further studies have emphasized
the unique compositions of EOs from other plant sources. (Osanloo et al.2020)
identified p-allylanisole (67.62%) as the major component in ADEO, while
p-cymene (20.81%) and α-phellandrene (20.75%) dominated AGEO. CLEO and CSEO
were primarily composed of limonene (61.83% and 71.26%, respectively) (Osanloo et al. 2020) Similarly, (El-Nashar et al.
2021) identified 53 compounds in an EO sample, with α-pinene (21.09%) and
β-(E)-ocimene (11.80%) as key constituent (Huynh et al., 2021); Fekry et al. (2022) reported carvone
and sylvestrene as the major components in caraway fruit oil, representing
85.4% of the total composition (Fekry et al., 2022) The essential oil from
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis flowers, studied by Siriwardena et al.,
revealed phytol (32.2%) and methyl palmitate (14.7%) as predominant compounds.
These discoveries are reliable with the recognized biological activities of
eugenol, which include antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, and
cardioprotective properties. The antimicrobial activity of EOs is often
attributed to their terpenoid components, which are capable of disrupting cell
membranes, altering cell wall morphology, inhibiting ergosterol synthesis, and
producing reactive oxygen species. (Jaiswal et al. 2024) conducted a study on
the isolation and characterization of multidrug-resistant bacteria from poultry
wastewater, reporting effective results. Harsingar leaf extracts, for example,
unveiled important antibacterial activity contrary to Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and Klebsiella pneumoniae, achieving inhibition zones of up to 22 mm.
AGEO demonstrated antibacterial efficacy across multiple bacterial strains. At
its highest tested concentration (8.00), it inhibited Staphylococcus aureus
growth by 34%. Higher inhibition rates were observed for other pathogens,
counting Pseudomonas aeruginosa (54%), Klebsiella pneumoniae
(61%), and Escherichia coli (73%). Rosemary oil, acknowledged for its
efficiency contrary to meat-spoiling bacteria such as Pseudomonas and Lactobacillus,
and the antifungal properties of Thymus pulegioides oil further
underscore the broad-spectrum antimicrobial potential of Eos (Siriwardena and Arambewela 2014); Khanam
& Dwibedi, (2022) explored. At a concentration of 200 µg/mL, the ma
ximum zone of inhibition was observed as follows: 12 mm for Nyctanthes Bark
Extract (NBE), 10 mm for Nyctanthes Leaves Extract (NLE), and 7 mm for Nyctanthes
Flower Extract (NFE). The Nyctanthes Bark Extract showed the
uppermost zone of inhibition at 12 mm, comparable to the outcome of fluconazole
(Khanam and Dwivedi, 2023); Shahwal et al.
(2023) studied the efficacy of Cassia tora plant against the vaginal
microflora amid rural and urban populations. Results revealed that Cassia
tora unveiled potent antimicrobial activity counter to vaginal microflora (Shahwal et al. 2023) investigated the comparative
study of antimicrobial activity of seed oil of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)
in contradiction of bacteria and fungi. It was found that fennel oil was more
efficient in opposing bacteria as compared to fungi (Sur 2020). (Verma et al. 2015)worked on the comparative study of
clove oil against bacterial and fungal species. The antimicrobial action of
clove oil was potent against both the species Similarly, (Srivastava et
al. 2021) reviewed and conveyed the existence of countless bioactive compounds
and therapeutic properties of Swertia chirayita (Srivastava et al. 2021) Additional reports were
likewise specified by (Srivastava et al. 2021) concerning pharmacological
properties of Tinospora cordifolia was thoroughly reviewed (Srivastava et al. 2021) reviewed the therapeutic
significance of Butea monosperma. (Srivastava et al. 2023) investigated the potential of
Andrographis paniculata against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, E. coli
and B. licheniformis. The results revealed that the plant possessed
significant property against the pathogens (Srivastava et al. 2024). (Verma et al. 2023)
investigated the comparative analysis of antimicrobial activity of different
species of Curcuma against human pathogenic bacteria whereas (Dubey et
al. 2022) investigated the antimicrobial efficacy of commercially available Withania
Somnifera (Ashwagandha) against pathogens.
Essential oils exhibit exceptional chemical, diversity and bioactivity,
supporting their potential use in pharmaceutical, medical, and industrial
applications. Their antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant, and other
therapeutic properties make them versatile agents for .addressing health and
environmental challenges. Continued exploration and characterization of EOs
will expand their applicability and value in and commercial contexts.
Conclusion
Nyctanthes
arbor-tristis, has shown significant promise as a natural
antibacterial agent due to the unique properties of its essential oil. Research
has highlighted the potential of this essential oil in combating various
foodborne pathogens, positioning it as a valuable alternative in the
development of natural antibacterial compounds for food preservation and health
applications.
The essential oil extracted from Nyctanthes
arbor-tristis is a complex mixture comprising a wide range of bioactive
compounds, each contributing to its antibacterial properties. The ability to
target such common foodborne pathogens underscores the potential of Nyctanthes
arbor-tristis essential oil as an effective natural preservative for the
food industry, reducing reliance on synthetic chemicals.
The probable applications of Nyctanthes
arbor-tristis essential oil extend beyond food safety. By means of
increasing concerns over antibiotic confrontation, this natural product offers
a valuable alternative for antimicrobial agents. It could serve as a foundation
for new antibacterial formulations, particularly in the expansion of treatments
for infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria. Furthermore, its use in food
preservation could provide a safer and more sustainable option for extending
shelf life and maintaining food quality.
Conflict of interest Author declares that there is no conflict of
interest.
Funding information not applicable.
Ethical approval not applicable.
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