NewBioWorld A
Journal of Alumni Association of Biotechnology (2024)
6(1):42-53
REVIEW
ARTICLE
Costus speciosus (Koen.
ex. Retz.) Sm.: An updated Review on Therapeutic Potential and
Conservation through Biotechnology
Yogita Verma, Jyotsna Dewangan, Shubha Diwan
Department of Biotechnology, St. Thomas College,
Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, India
yogita2verma@gmail.com,
jyotsna260191@gmail.com, shubha2315@gmail.com
*Corresponding Author Email- shubha2315@gmail.com
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ARTICLE INFORMATION
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ABSTRACT
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Article history:
Received
07 May 2024
Received in revised form
27 June 2024
Accepted
Keywords:
Anti-diabetic plant;
Conservation;
Costus
speciosus;
Diosgenin;
Endangered;
Medicinal plant; Molecular
docking
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India is one of the mega biodiversity countries in the
world with massive forests as a hub for indigenous medicinal plant
resources. Costus speciosus (Koen. ex. Retz.) Sm. is a valuable medicinal herb
of tropical and subtropical India, known for its anti-diabetic property. It
is used for the treatment of various disorders in traditional systems of
medicine such as Ayurveda and Siddha. Pharmaceutical industries are
fundamentally dependent on the conventional supply of medicinal and aromatic
plant-based substances. Overexploitation of plants for the manufacturing of
herbal pharmaceuticals, and illegal harvesting has caused wild habitat
degradation. The antidiabetic plant is vanishing quickly from its natural
habitat due to the indiscriminate collection of rhizomes which is the major
source of various phytochemicals. The pace with which Costus
speciosus (Koen. ex. Retz.) Sm. is
being overexploited and depleted is frightening; consequently, the plant has
right away turned out to be endangered in its natural habitat. Hence, the
conservation of this plant is crucial. Biotechnological approaches
encompassing in vitro methods like micropropagation,
molecular characterization, molecular docking studies, and chemoprofiling can
be employed to conserve the plant species from further exploitation and to
overcome the burden on the wild population. These approaches will help in
higher-scale propagation and will encourage sustainable consumption. Together
with the application of these methods, appropriate agro techniques and an
ample amount of marketing occasions would encourage the cultivation of Costus
speciosus and thereby contribute to its conservation. This review
article highlights diverse aspects of the plant which could provide leads for
further research.
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Introduction
DOI: 10.52228/NBW-JAAB.2024-6-1-6
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Plants have been indispensable for
the survival of all the organisms on earth since time immemorial. Medicinal
plants represent those plants that have active chemical constituents that can
be extracted from any plant parts like root, stem, leaves, bark, fruit, and
seeds, having definite healing properties for the treatment of various
disorders. Healing properties can be attributed to the presence of various
primary and secondary metabolites. Medicinal plants have been of immense
significance for humans as life-saving drugs for thousands of years. In the
traditional and alternative system of medicine, plants are always considered as
a primary drug source being utilized in crude form, juice, decoction, and crude
extracts. Medicinal plants have usually attracted consideration due to fewer
side effects than synthesized drugs. As per the assessment of the World Health
Organization, 70%- 95% of the population in the majority of developing
countries, predominantly depend on traditional medicine systems including
herbal medicine, for their primary health care requirements and management
(Robinson and Zhang 2011). In India, an important part of the medical system is
provided by plants used for medicinal purposes for almost 80% of the population
(Soni and Gawri 2023).
Today several medicinal plants are disappearing at
an alarming rate because of exploding population, uncontrolled deforestation,
indiscriminate harvesting, pollution, and climate change. Intensifying
pharmaceutical demand for the medicinal plant has resulted in unscientific
harvesting from the wild habitat; threatening the survival of many rare species
(Bhattacharya et al. 2013).This
destructive extraction from the wild has concluded in genetic erosion. To avoid
further loss, it is imperative to formulate viable strategies to conserve the
populations which are on verge of extinction and also those which have
threatened and vulnerable status. In situ and ex-situ approaches
are being applied for the conservation of medicinal plant species to overcome
the problem of gene erosion. The most commonly applied method is the storage of
plant genetic resources as seeds in a seed gene bank, but not applicable for
non-seed plants, with recalcitrant seed and vegetatively propagated species.
Different Ex situ conservation approaches can be adopted based
on the biological nature of the concerned species. Some other methods include
germplasm maintenance in gene banks and cryo-banks (Gupta 2018). In
vitro gene, banks are being employed unconventionally to conserve
vegetatively propagated and threatened plants (Rajasekharan and Sahijram 2015).
In India, four gene banks have been established exclusively for medicinal and
aromatic plants at Tropical Botanical Garden and Research Institute, Kerala
(TBGRI), Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), National Bureau
of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi (NBPGR) and Regional Research Laboratory,
Jammu (RRL) under the G-15 GEBMAP program (Sharma and Pandey, 2013).These
institutions are actively engaged in the collection and conservation of genetic
resources naturalized in the Indian sub-continent. In vitro Conservation
of tropical medicinal plants has primarily been undertaken by NBPGR and TBGRI
(Sharma and Pandey 2013).
Safeguarding valuable germplasm in field collection
is quite risky due to pest intrusion, infection, and undesirable weather
conditions. The complementary utilization of the biotechnological approach in
the existing ex situ conservation program for plant germplasm helps in
achieving successful sustainable management of phyto-diversity (Narula et al. 2004). In vitro conservation
technology implies germplasm maintenance in the disease-free and genetically
stable condition through tissue culture for short-to-long term duration
(Rajasekharan and Sahijram 2015).The main goal of in vitro conservation
is to lessen recurrent exigency of subculturing which can be accomplished in
two ways: by culturing them under a normal growth state or by subjecting them
to growth-limiting preparations (Sharma and Pandey 2013). In vitro culture,
cryopreservation and molecular markers are some of the biotechnological tools
which offer a valuable alternative to plant diversity studies, management of
genetic resources, and ultimately conservation of plant biodiversity (Paunescu
2009).
The Genus Costus
The genus Costus is a tropical herbaceous plant that
belongs to the family Costaceae under the order Zingiberales (Robinson et al. 2009; Srivastava et al. 2011). Within the
Zingiberales, Costaceae can be easily identified and differentiated from other
families based on their characteristic monostichous spiral phyllotaxy (Kirchoff
and Rutishauser 1990). The Zingiberaceae family is known to be a rich source of
phytochemicals. These plants are abundant in curcuminoids and are acknowledged
for their wide range of biological activities, varied chemical structures,
physicochemical properties, and functional benefits (Verma et al. 2023).
There are more than 100 species of the genus Costus
which vary in terms of flower color (Rani et al. 2012). The cultivated species of this genus are C.speciosus,
C.barbatus, C.chartaceus, C.cuspidatus, C.giganteus, C.osea, C.igneus, C.pictus
and C.spectabilis (Rani et
al. 2012).It differs from its nearest relative Zingiber in terms of
having spirally arranged large leaves on stems. Some varieties of Costus with
flowers and bracts appear like a compact cone, while in the case of others they
are of pineapple shape. Some of its leaves are juvenile on the abaxial surface,
while some of them appear to have smooth purplish leaves (Rani et al. 2012).The most admired species
of this genus is the Costus speciosus which is depicted as an
important anti-diabetic plant (Bavarva and Narasimhacharya 2008). It is
an ornamental medicinal plant cultivated in India, usually for its rhizome.
Approximately 150 species of Costus speciosus had been
accounted for from different tropical areas of the world (Deb 1983).
Table-1: Taxonomic
Classification of Costus speciosus (Srivastava et
al. 2011; Pawar and Pawar 2014).
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Taxonomic
classification
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Kingdom
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Plantae
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Subkingdom
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Tracheobinota
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Superdivision
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Spermatophyte
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Division
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Mangoliophyta
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Class
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Liliopsida
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Subclass
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Zingiberadae
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Order
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Zingiberales
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Family
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Costaceae / Zingiberaceae
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Genus
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Costus
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Species
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speciosus
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Table-2: Vernacular
names of Costus speciosus (Srivastava et
al. 2011; Lim 2014; Choudhury and Sarma 2016)
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Language
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Name
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Latin
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Costus speciosus
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English
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Cane
reed, Malay ginger, Spiral flag, Crepe ginger, spiral ginger
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Hindi
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Kevuka,
Kobee, Kust, Keu, Keukand, Kemuka, Kemua
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Sanskrit
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Kemuka,
Kebuka, Kustha, Kembuk, Kashmeeraja, Vashya, Pushkaram
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Classical
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Kebuka
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In Different Parts of The World
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China
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Bi-qiao-jiang
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Indonesia
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Tabar-tabar
(Batak), Kalacim
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Japan
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O-hozaki-ayame
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Malaysia
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Setawar,
Hutan, Tawar-tawar, Teng
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Nepal
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Kusth
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Srilanka
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Thebu,
Koltan
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Thailand
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Kustha,
UeangPhetMaa
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Vietnam
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Cat loi,
Cay Cu Choc
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In Different Parts of India
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Assamese
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Kebuk,
Devitokan, Jomlakhuti, Tara
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Bengali
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Keu,
Kemut, keumuk
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Chhattisgarhi
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Keokanda,
Pewa, Kevkand
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Gujarati
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Paskarmula,
Valakdi
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Kannada
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Changalvakoshtu,
Chikke, Aarathikundige
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Malayalam
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Channakoova,
Narum canna, Cannakkuvva
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Manipuri
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KhongbamTakhelei
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Marathi
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Pushkarmoola,
Penva, Kobee, Pinnga
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Oriya
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Kushtha
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Tamil
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Kottam,
Koshtam, Cancamancam, ven-koshtam
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Telugu
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ChengalvaKoshta,
Kashmeeramu, Kimuka, Koshtamu
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General
properties
Habitat
and distribution
Costus speciosus (Koen. ex. Retz.) Sm. is a traditional medicinal plant
that belongs indigenously to the Malay Peninsula of Southeast Asia (Rani et al. 2012; Sarin et al. 1974).It
has been naturalized in tropical regions and also developed in the subtropical
zone. It is scattered below 1500 m elevations in tropical, moist deciduous, and
semi-evergreen forests. It is especially found in India, Srilanka, Indonesia,
and Malaysia. In India, these plants are widely distributed in the Himalayan
ranges from Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Bihar, Assam, Meghalaya, Khasi and
Jaintia hills, North Bengal, Orissa, Vindhya Satpura hills in Central India,
Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Western Ghats Of Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, Karnataka
And Kerala, Eastern Ghats Of Andhra Pradesh (Sarin et al. 1974; Pawar and Pawar 2014).
Cultivation
Costus speciosus (Koen. ex. Retz.) Sm. is predominantly
cultivated in the rainy season because it requires a liberal supply of water
for its successful growth (Muniyandi et
al. 2013).It grows well in fertile, organic, and humus-rich soil (Rani et al. 2012). It also nurtures well
on clayey loam soil and moisture-rich soil in the shady zone. It cultivates
well in the climate with low temperature and high humidity. Costus
speciosus is vegetatively propagated using rhizome sections and stem
cuttings (Pawar and Pawar 2014). Costus speciosus also grows via
seed dispersal by birds, when they feed on fruits (Choudhury et al. 2012; Rani et al. 2012). They perpetuate in
nature asexually through rhizome proliferation (Roy and Pal 1995).
Cultivation practices have frequent advantages over
wild collection. Wild harvested plants diverge in quality and consistency
because of genetic and environmental variation which seriously compromises
economic returns (Bopana and Saxena 2007). Agro-technique of Costus
speciosus has been described by using rhizome cuttings with at least 2
buds for propagation and also harvesting after 17-19 months for better yield
(50 tonnes) of fresh rhizomes with higher diosgenin content may be obtained
(Pandey et al. 2011).
Morphology
Rhizomes, Roots, Stems, and leaves: Costus
speciosus is a tuberous, rhizomatous, perennial, erect, succulent herb
with thick rhizomes. It has a leafy shoot with spiromonostichous phyllotaxy,
with pale green silvery tinge smooth leaves spirally arranged on the stem. The
plant has a height of up to 2.7m which arises from a horizontal rhizome with
long lanceolate leaves (Choudhury et
al. 2012; Pawar and Pawar 2014).Generally, the stems spring up in April
month (Sarin et al. 1974) the
aerial part withers away during the winter season (Rajesh et al. 2009; Nehete et al. 2010). The rhizome stays
latent or dormant from December to March (Sarin et al. 1974).
Flowers and fruits: It has a cone-like terminal
spike inflorescence with bright red bracts and a lip with a yellowish throat;
present in a sub-terminal position (Srivastava et al. 2011; Rani et
al. 2012).It has large white fragrant flowers in reddish bracts (Pawar
and Pawar 2014).The flower resembles crepe paper that’s why named “Crepe
ginger” (Rani et al. 2012). The
flowering occurs during July and August (Rajesh et al. 2009; Nehete et
al. 2010). Fruits are quite distinct, globosely trigonous,
reddish-colored capsule-shaped. The fruit has five black seeds with a white
fleshy aril (Srivastava et al. 2011).
Phytoconstituents
Costus speciosus (Koen.
ex. Retz.) Sm. was first reported as a potential source of diosgenin and
introduced as an alternative to Dioscorea for the commercial production of
steroid hormones (Das Gupta and Pandey 1970). Diosgenin is a steroidal
sapogenin utilized in the production of sex hormones, cortisone, and oral
contraceptives (Sarin et al. 1974).
The diosgenin reported in the Costus speciosus is contained in
the stem (0.65%), leaves (0.37%), and flowers (1.21%) (Bavarva and
Narasimhacharya 2008). The rhizome of Costus speciosus has
been accounted to have up to 3.37% of diosgenin content (Indrayanto et al. 1994; Singh et al. 2013). Costunolide,
Eremanthin, Curcumin, and Curcuminoids are some of the major chemical
constituents. Eremanthin is a sesquiterpene lactone that has an antidiabetic
effect (Eliza et al. 2009).
Figure-1: Structural
representation of (A) Diosgenin, (B) Eremanthin, (C) Costunolide and (D)
Zerumbone
Table-3: Bioactive
constituents found in Costus speciosus
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Compound
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Belongs to
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Present in
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References
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Diosgenin
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Steroidal saponin
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Rhizome
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Das Gupta and Pandey (1970)
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Dioscin, Gracillin, β-sitosterol-β-D-glucopyranoside
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Saponins
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Seeds
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Singh and Thakur (1982)
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14-oxotricosanoic acid, 14-oxoheptacosanoic acid
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Oxo acids
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Rhizomes
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Gupta et al. (1986)
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Costunolide
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Sesquiterpene
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Roots
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Eliza et al. (2009)
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Eremanthin
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Sesquiterpene lactone
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Roots
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Eliza et al. (2009)
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Zerumbone
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Cyclic sesquiterpene
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Rhizome essential oil
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Thambi and Shafi (2015)
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Ethnobotany and traditional uses
In Tiktaskandha and Shakavarga Charaka has
mentioned Costus speciosus (Koen.
ex. Retz.) Sm. (Acharya 2000). The plant Kemuk (Costus
speciosus) has been portrayed as Pramehaghna in Bhabaprakash Nighantu under
Shakavarga (Mishra 2002). Costus speciosus is a tropical
medicinal plant species that is mainly utilized customarily for the treatment
of numerous disorders. The rhizome of Costus speciosus is the
major plant part used in ethnomedicine.
In Ayurveda, the plant is known by the name Kebuka
and is prescribed as an astringent, purgative, depurative, anti-inflammatory,
and antifungal agent (Khare 2007). The plant has been operated on to pacify
Vata and Kapha in Ayurveda and is also reported to alleviate dyspepsia and
various respiratory disorders (Chopra et al. 1956). The rhizome of these plants has been attributed to
be bitter, cooling, febrifuge, aphrodisiac, expectorant, and tonic (Bavarva and
Narasimhacharya 2008). Its rhizome decoction is used as a diuretic to relieve
bladder and urethra complaints and to expel kidney stones (George et al. 2012).
Table-4: Traditional
uses of Costus speciosus
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Plant part
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Region
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Traditional uses
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References
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Rhizomes decoction
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Himalayan tribes of Darjeeling and Sikkim hills
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Diabetes
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Chhetri et al. (2005)
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Leaf and Rhizome juice
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Kerala and Bengal region
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Diabetes
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Benny (2004)
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Rhizome
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Tribals (Oraon, Agaria, Korwa, Nagesia, Baiga, Gondiya) of Raigarh
district of Chhattisgarh
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Jaundice and liver-related diseases
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Hossain et al. (2013)
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Roots
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Tribals of Madhya Pradesh And Chhattisgarh
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Rheumatism, asthma or bronchitis
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Jain et al. (2006)
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Root and rhizome
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Bilaspur district of Chhattisgarh
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Burns, skin diseases, bronchitis and fever
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Patel (2012)
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Rhizome
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Tribals of South Surguja district of Chhattisgarh
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Fish poison to stun and catch fish
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Kala (2009)
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Pharmacological applications of Costus
speciosus
Diabetes
mellitus is a serious metabolic disorder caused by a relative deficiency of
insulin action and characterized by high blood glucose levels which interrupt
the metabolism of carbohydrates, protein, and fat. Costus
speciosus is one of the valuable medicinal plants known by the name
Insulin Plant and in ayurvedic literature as an Antidiabetic plant owing to its
extensive usage traditionally for the treatment of diabetes. Costus
speciosus possesses various pharmacological properties which have been
authenticated by various research works. The findings which suggest that Costus
speciosus is a very potent drug has been summarized in table 5.
Table-5: A summary
of pharmacological activities of Costus speciosus
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Property
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Extract
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Mode
of Action and effect
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References
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Hypoglycemic
effect
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Rhizome juice
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IDDM rats (postprandial state) opposed rise of glucose level
(p<0.002) & NIDDM (p<0.05).
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Mosihuzzaman et al. (1994)
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Anti-diabetic
activity
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Hexane extract of rhizome
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increases insulin levels and beta cells in the blood, enhancing glucose
metabolism
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Kilany et al. (2022)
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Anti-hyperglycemic
& Anti-hyperlipidemic activity
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Ethanol extract of root (300 & 450 mg/kg)
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Blood glucose (26.76%, 34.68%), plasma total lipid (12.87%, 78.24%),
cholesterol (21.92%, 30.77%) dropped in Alloxan induced diabetic rats.
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Bavarva and Narasimhacharya
(2008)
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Anticancer
activity
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n-hexane extract
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Costunolide efficiently induced breast cancer cell apoptosis against
breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231).
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Roy and Manikkam (2015)
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Hepato-protective
activity
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Ethanolic extract of rhizomes (500 mg/kg)
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Protection and recovery against toxicity of CCl4 on serum
marker enzymes (SGPT, SGOT) of Carbon tetra- chloride treated rats.
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Verma et al. (2009)
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Anti-tuberculosis
activity
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n-Hexane partition of stems and flowers
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highest anti-tuberculosis activity at MIC (100 µg/ml) and MBC (200
µg/ml) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
H37Rv.
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Mohamad et al. (2018)
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Anti-arthritic
activity
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Methanolic aerial parts (400 & 800 mg/kg)
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75.50% and 68.33% defense against enlargement in paw edema of Male
albino rats.
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Srivastava et al. (2012)
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Antioxidant
activity
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Benzene extract
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significant antioxidant activity with IC50 = 15.30µg/ml
(p>0.05)
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Nehete et al. (2010)
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Anti-inflammatory
activity
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Methanol aerial parts (400 & 800 mg/kg)
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Carrageenan-induced paw edema
test showed a significant (19.36% and 40.05%) reduction in Adult albino rats.
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Srivastava et al. (2013)
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Anti-stress
activity
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Rhizomes alcoholic extract (500mg/kg)
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Normalizing activity on Wistar albino rats’ brain neurotransmitters
against the cold immobilization stress
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Verma et al. (2009)
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Anti-fertility
effect
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Rhizome (550& 1100 mg/kg)
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Sperm count of Balb/C mice was reduced significantly to 39% and 40%.
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Sari et al. (2016)
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Estrogenic
activity
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Methanolic rhizome extract
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Decreased ovarian weight and increased uterine weight of Gonado-intact
female mice.
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Choudhury et al. (2012)
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Antibacterial
activity
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Rhizome aqueous extract (30 µg/disc)
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Inhibition zone Staphylococcus
aureus (15.5 mm), Salmonella
typhimurium (18 mm) as compared to Gentamycin (21mm, 31mm) in
Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
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Ariharan et al. (2012)
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Antibacterial
activity
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Aqueous, ethyl acetate, hexane,
and methanol extract of rhizome
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significant antibacterial
activity with P. aeruginosa and S. typhi
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Shaikh et al. (2022)
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Antiviral
activity
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Costus speciosus (TB100)
Leaf extract
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TB100 activated antiviral defenses via interferon pathways and was
confirmed as safe and effective in mice against multiple influenza strains.
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Senevirathne et al. (2023)
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Antifungal
activity
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Rhizome Hexane extract
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Costunolide activity against Trichophyton
mentagrophytes (62.5 µg/ml), Epidermophyton
floccosum (125 µg/ml) against Ketoconazole in Dermato-phyte strains
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Duraipandiyan et al. (2012)
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Anti-helminthic
activity
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Aqueous & methanolic extracts of aerial parts (25, 50, 100 mg/ml)
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Aqueous extracts more significant effect on worms Pheretimaposthuma (6.70±0.33, 3.62±0.30, 2.55±0.27 min.) against
albendazole (20mg/ml) 11.65 ± 0.5min.
|
Srivastava et al. (2011)
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Larvicidal
activity
|
Aqueous extracts of leaf
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Maximum larvicidal potential against third and fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti.
|
Muniyandi et al. (2013)
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Conservational necessity
Due to various pharmacological applications, Costus
speciosus (Koen. ex. Retz.) Sm. has
emerged as a potential source of diosgenin and is getting overexploited for its
medicinal rhizome. As per the data of NMPB, rhizomes and aerial parts of the Costus
speciosus (Koen. ex. Retz.) Sm.
[Cheilocostus speciosus. (J. Koenig) C. Specht] have been traded
normally with trade names ‘Koshtum’ and ‘Kebuka’. Costus speciosus (Koen. ex. Retz.) Sm. has also
been used as commercial formulations in Ayurveda as one of the ingredients of
Brihat Purnachandra Rasa, Kutajashtaka Kwath / Krimighna Kashaya, and
Dasamoolarishtha. Dasamoolarishta is usually endorsed for cardiac
disorders, respiratory diseases, asthma, breathing troubles, cough, pneumonia,
gastric irritation, and anemia. It is one of the constituents of the
indigenous drug Amber mezhugu, beneficial in rheumatism (Chopra et al. 1956). In Siddha
formulations, Costus speciosus (Koen. ex. Retz.) Sm. added as one of the
ingredients of Gendhaga Vallaathi for treating Rheumatoid arthritis
(Rajalakshmi et al. 2015).
Conventional methods of propagation are very slow
for large-scale production. Costus speciosus (Koen. ex. Retz.) Sm. is
vanishing quickly from its natural habitat due to deforestation, shifting
cultivation, uncontrolled harvesting for plant products, and translation of
wetland ecosystem for agricultural practices which leads to habitat destruction
and indiscriminate medicinal rhizome collection (Malabadi et al. 2005; Punyarani and
Sharma 2010). Due to the low rate of multiplication, reduced
seed viability, low seed germination percentage, and insufficient deferred
rooting of vegetative cuttings, there is an urgent need for alternative methods
of propagation (Robinson et al. 2009).
In Chhattisgarh, as per the data of CGMPB, Costus speciosus (Koen. ex. Retz.) Sm. has been
listed as endangered taxa. In Madhya Pradesh, Costus speciosus (Koen. ex. Retz.) Sm. has been
categorized as vulnerable species as per IUCN status criteria selection (Wagh
and Jain 2013). In Andhra Pradesh, Costus speciosus (Koen. ex. Retz.) Sm. has been
placed in the Red listed medicinal and aromatic plants of the Deccan ecoregion
and categorized as near threatened plant. In Himachal Pradesh, Costus
speciosus (Koen. ex. Retz.) Sm. found
in Shivalik hills is nearly extinct from its natural habitat. In
Uttarakhand, Costus speciosus (Koen. ex. Retz.) Sm. has the status of near threatened in
the Almora district as per the threat assessment score and IUCN criteria,
mainly because of Habitat destruction and Grazing problem (Kumari et al. 2012). In Uttar Pradesh, Costus
speciosus (Koen. ex. Retz.) Sm. is
on the verge of extinction in Dudhi and Lalitpur forest divisions (Pandey et al. 2011). In Jharkhand, the
threat status of Costus speciosus (Koen. ex. Retz.) Sm. is Near Threatened. In Arunachal
Pradesh, the status of Costus speciosus (Koen. ex. Retz.) Sm. is Near Threatened. At NBPGR, 127
accessions of tropical medicinal plants which include Costus speciosus (Koen. ex. Retz.) Sm. is
maintained as shoot cultures in the In Vitro Genebank (Sharma
and Pandey 2013). In National Gene Bank, NBPGR, with status as cultivated
species (Accession no. 30), Costus speciosus (Koen. ex. Retz.) Sm. has been conserved
as per data of January 2017 (Gupta 2018).
Biotechnological interventions:
advancing approach complementing conservation
The prerequisite of the hour for sustainable
production is to have an improved strategic, scientific approach through
superior cultivation and harvesting procedure. Biotechnology has accompanied a
new era in medicinal plant domain conservation, serving as a supplement for
conventional plant propagation methods; through plant tissue culture techniques
(Singh et al. 2013).
Biotechnological methods have been substantiated to be helpful in the
enhancement of herbs that yield drugs (Narula et al. 2004). In vitro techniques for ex
situ conservation of medicinal plants have made rapid strides in the past few
decades, regarding the development and enhancement value of the gene banks and
clonal repositories.
In vitro conservation implies the maintenance of
germplasm in a moderately secure form by utilizing more or less precise
nutrient conditions on a short to long-term basis. For medium-term
conservation, slow growth culture and encapsulation can be employed. The key
component for the long-term survival of species is genetic diversity, the
foundation of their sustainability in terms of adoption and evolution. Many
laboratories and institutions in India have been engaged mainly in developing
the protocol for the propagation of various threatened endemic species
(Rajasekharan and Sahijram 2015). The National Bureau of Plant Genetic
Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi, under the aegis of ICAR is actively engaged in
the collection, conservation, and characterization of medicinal and aromatic
plants. NBPGR is leading the conservation program with the National Gene Bank.
About 430982 accessions belonging to 1547 species have been conserved at NGB
including 5756 accessions of medicinal plants including 412 genera and 578
species (Gupta 2018).
In vitro approaches for conservation
·
Micropropagation of Costus speciosus
Costus speciosus can be propagated by seeds and
vegetatively by rhizomes and stem cuttings. The percentage of seed germination
and seed viability is low and delayed rooting of vegetative methods in this
plant has narrowed the scope for improvement of its medicinal principle like
diosgenin, by conventional methods (Roy and Pal, 1995). In addition to these,
the metabolite content in the plant fluctuates as many factors are responsible
for the active principles amount. Thus, the need for uniform and elite plant
material is foremost. Micropropagation can be used as in vitro conservation
tool for conserving this plant's diversity. This technique can be efficiently
used to meet the growing needs of demand for clonally uniform elite plants
of Costus speciosus. Many reports have been published
regarding the micropropagation protocol establishment in Costus
speciosus through rhizomatous buds, shoot tips, rhizome thin section,
and nodal segments of the stem (Table 6).
Table-6: In vitro regeneration and
micropropagation of Costus speciosus
|
Techniques
|
Explants
|
Medium
composition
|
Result
|
References
|
|
Micropropagation
|
Shoot tips
|
Modified
SH medium with 0.5mg/l BAP + 1mg/l kinetin+ 15 mg/l AdS + 1 mg/l IAA
|
100% rooting. 10 adventitious shoots regenerated after
60 days.
|
Chaturvedi
et al. (1984)
|
|
Micropropagation
|
Stem cuttings
|
SH basal medium + 250 mg/l
casamino acids (CA).
|
15.3 ± 1.22 number of
aerial rhizomes/ explants produced after 60 days.
|
Roy
et al. (1991)
|
|
Micropropagation
|
Rhizome sections
|
MS basal medium + 8.87μM
BA+ 9.29μM KN + 5.37 μM NAA
|
Regeneration of 4-5 shoots
from rhizomes.
|
Malabadi
et al. (2002)
|
|
Micropropagation
|
Thin rhizome sections
|
Gamborg-B5
basal medium + 18.16 µm TDZ; half strength B5 basal medium with
5.37 µm NAA.
|
Healthy shoots regenerated
with 82% rooting efficiency.
|
Malabadi
et al. (2004)
|
|
Micropropagation
|
Rhizome Sections
|
B5 basal medium + 5 µg/l
TRIA.
|
100% survival rate.
|
Malabadi
et al. (2005)
|
|
Micropropagation
|
Nodal Stem Segment
|
MS medium with 0.05mg/l
BAP; MS + 0.1mg/l IBA.
|
93.3% of explants
developed 2.8 ± 0.4 shoots; 100% rooting with 12 ± 1.1 roots/explant.
|
Robinson
et al. (2009)
|
|
Micropropagation
|
Nodal segments
|
MS + 5 µM BAP+ 1 µM NAA+
50 g/l sucrose + 10 µM AdS; MS + 7µM BAP+ 1 µM NAA + 50 g/l sucrose + 10 µM
AdS
|
Axillary bud dormancy is
broken; rooted plantlets showed 95% survival.
|
Punyarani
et al. (2010)
|
|
In vitro micro-rhizome induction
|
Rhizome sprouting buds
|
MS + 80g/l sucrose + BA
(2.0mg/l) + NAA (0.5mg/l) + AdS (25mg/l)
|
Maximum rhizome formation
(3.2g per culture).
|
George
et al. (2012)
|
|
Callus culture
|
Seeds
|
MS medium + 3 mg/l NAA + 2
mg/l kinetin
|
Very good growth of callus
occurred
|
Singh
et al. (2013)
|
|
Callus culture
|
Seeds & Pseudo-stems
|
MS medium + 1mg/l picloram
|
Highest callus induction
with 2.17g fresh weight.
|
Hundare
et al. (2018)
|
SH medium- Schenk and Hildebrandt medium; IAA-
Indole Acetic Acid; MSmedium - Murashige and Skoog Medium; NAA- α-Napthalene
Acetic Acid; BAP- 6-Benzyl Aminopurine; TDZ-Thidiazuron; Ads- Adenine Sulfate;
TRIA- Triacontanol; BA- 6-Benzyl Aminopurine; IBA- Indole
butyric acid
·
Genetic Fidelity and Molecular Characterization
Assessment of genetic fidelity is usually performed
to analyze the uniformity of micropropagated plants at the genetic level with
the mother plant. Genetic fidelity is confirmed using PCR-based DNA
fingerprinting techniques like RAPD and ISSR. Dwivedi (2014) monitored the
genetic fidelity of Costus speciosus by RAPD for screening the
quality of 10 regenerated plants from micropropagation; when compared with
donor plants, in which 3 primers displayed the same banding pattern. Molecular
characterization of plants helps in assessing genetic diversity present in
particular geographical regions. Genetic diversity is of precise concern for the
efficient conservation, management, and restoration of threatened species. Mandal et al. (2006) analyzed the
RAPD pattern of Costus speciosus [Koen. Ex. Retz.] collected from 14 localities of Andaman and
Nicobar Islands at the genomic level involving 12 decamer random primers. Naik et al. (2017) studied the
assessment of genetic diversity in Costus pictus accessions
based on RAPD and ISSR markers where 15 accessions of Costus pictus collected
from different parts of India by utilizing only 25 RAPD primers gave
reproducible polymorphic products. Yadav et al. (2017) assessed the genetic divergence of Costus
speciosus genotypes by using RAPD markers collected from the Balaghat
district of Madhya Pradesh using 17 random decamer primers.
Secondary
Metabolite Enhancement
Secondary metabolites are mainly synthesized in
response to the primary metabolism of plants and their biosynthesis is strictly
controlled during development. In response to stress conditions and microbial
attacks, the secondary metabolites get piled up by plants. Biotic or abiotic
molecules which stimulate the secondary metabolism of plants are called
elicitors. Elicitation refers to the process of enhancing the production of
secondary metabolites by plants to guarantee their endurance, persistence, and
competitiveness (Namdeo 2007). Elicitation and precursor feeding were two
strategies utilized for the secondary metabolite enhancement in the
adventitious root cultures of Bupleurum kaoi, Hyoscyamus muticus, Panax
ginseng, and Scopolia parviflora (Murthy et al. 2008). Methyl jasmonate and
salicylic acid are phytohormone elicitors that play a key role in enhancing
biologically active compounds of pharmaceutical importance and are mainly
utilized for in vitro secondary metabolite enhancement studies
in different cultures (Singh and Dwivedi 2018). Utami et al. (1997) observed augmented Diosgenin production from shoot
cultures of Costus speciosus with high concentration of sucrose, Sr2+
and Cu2+ ions. Kartosentono et
al. (2002) in their study reported about the accumulation of Cd2+
and Pb2+ in the suspension culture of Costus speciosus. Increasing
Pb2+ content upto 30 mg/l enhanced the biomass production upto
1.7-fold and total sitosterol content of Costus
speciosus by 1.3-fold. Hundare et
al. (2018) in their investigation reported about accumulation of
diosgenin in Costus speciosus callus culture. He proved MS media
supplemented with 1 mg/l picloram to be best for maximum diosgenin accumulation
(33 ppm) in 7 weeks old callus at post exponential phase.
Molecular
docking studies
Molecular docking studies basically involve the
prediction of the preferred orientation of one molecule with another and the formation
of a stable complex then binding affinity was calculated on the basis of
scoring functions. Scoring mainly includes the evaluation of a particular pose
in terms of intermolecular interactions. Daisy et al. (2012) operated docking
studies of Costunolide and Eremanthin from Costus speciosus with SOD
(superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase) and GPx (glutathione peroxidase) to analyse
antioxidant activity using Discovery Studio 2.1 version; Costunolide and
Eremanthin bounded with only SOD. Roy and Manikkam (2015) reported about stable
and effective in silico drug-protein interaction of Costunolide from Costus speciosus
(Koen. ex. Retz.) Sm. with the positive cell cycle regulators by using LibDock
module of Accelry’s Discovery Studio software 2.1 versions.
Ways ahead with biotechnology for Costus
speciosus
The significance of any medicinal plant relies on
the active principle’s quantity present in them; it would be advantageous to
undertake the cultivation of superior clones which are recognized as elite.
Elite plant substances can be recognized either by chemoprofiling via HPLC or
by employing molecular characterization techniques (Bopana and Saxena 2007) which
will further aid in their conservational planning or pharmacological usage.
Slow growth conservation has become a tool for conserving plant germplasm at
normal propagation temperature, with disease-free stage and true-to-type
conditions. Gopal et al. (2002)
studied the slow growth conservation of potatoes by using osmotic agents 2%
sucrose and 4% sorbitol for 12-month storage of microplantlets at normal
ambient temperature. Thakur et al. (2015)
depicted about conservation of Asparagus racemosus germplasm
by using a slow growth technique and extended the length of frequent
subculturing to about 6 months using mannitol as osmoticum. Synthetic seeds are
propagules that are encapsulated commonly in sodium alginate matrix for preserving
elite germplasm and micropropagated species. The inclusion of bioactive agents
into gel maintains growth, enhancement, and storage till the next usage of
encapsulated propagules (Benson et al.
2018). Cryopreservation is a perfect method for long-term conservation of plant
germplasm in liquid nitrogen at ultra-low temperature (-196°C). It guarantees
secure and cost-efficient long-term conservation of different types of
germplasm originating fromtropical to temperate areas (Gonzalez-Arnao and
Engelmann, 2006).
Conclusion
Costus speciosus is a tropical rhizomatous
herbaceous perennial plant that is a valuable herbal medicine with innumerable
pharmacological actions. Commonly known by the name Insulin Plant and widely
used in the Ayurveda system of medicine for the treatment of many health
disorders such as diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis and as an anti-helminthic
agent and in modern times it has been emerging as a treatment alternative for
carcinogenic tumors. Costus speciosus has numerous pharmacological
actions attributing to the occurrence of various bioactive compounds remarkably
in the rhizome part. This plant has emerged as a new analog for the production
of Diosgenin. It appears as an indigenous ingredient in many ayurvedic
formulations. Costus speciosus has become endangered and is
currently accessible only in the natural habitat due to an increase in
commercial demand and overexploitation for its abundant medicinal properties.
To overcome the loss, alternative strategies are required to be instigated to
protect species biodiversity. Various biotechnological approaches can be
implemented for its conservation by implicating plant tissue culture
techniques. In vitro micropropagation of Costus speciosus at
a commercial scale would help to meet current market demands of herbal medicine
supply and to produce valuable secondary metabolites. In vitro germplasm
conservation for Costus speciosus like short-term,
medium-term, and long-term conservation methods can be an encouraging approach
for its large propagation at the commercial level to enhance the sustainable
utilization of existing population and to protect wild habitat from further
damage and diversity depletion. Systems biology and functional genomics could
be constructive attempts that could enhance plant metabolites qualitatively as
well as quantitatively and thus, a considerable approach in the field of drug
discovery.
Conflict
of interest Author
declares that there is no conflict of interest.
Funding information not
applicable.
Ethical approval not applicable.
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