NewBioWorld A Journal of Alumni Association of Biotechnology (2023) 5(1):5-9
REVIEW
ARTICLE
A Review of
Clinical Aspect of Dhatura: According to Ayurveda
Suman
Chandra1, S.R. Inchulkar2, Arun Kumar Singh Parihar3*,
Sangeeta Bhagat4, Yuvraj Kaushik5
1Depatment of Agad Tantra Evum
Vidhi Ayurveda, Govt. Ayurveda College Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
2Depatment of Agad Tantra Evum
Vidhi Ayurveda, Govt. Ayurveda College Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
3Scientific officer Drug Testing
laboratory Avum Anusandhan Kendra, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
4Depatment of Agad Tantra Evum
Vidhi Ayurveda, Govt. Ayurveda College Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
5Depatment of Agad Tantra Evum
Vidhi Ayurveda, Govt. Ayurveda College Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
arunpharma1986@gmail.com
*Corresponding Author Email- arunpharma1986@gmail.com
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ARTICLE INFORMATION
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ABSTRACT
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Article history:
Received
15 April 2023
Received in revised form
21 May 2023
Accepted
Keywords:
Dhatura;
Ayurveda;
Hyoscyamin;
Scopalamine;
Tropan
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Dhatura is a well-known herbal poisonous
plant contains various medicinal properties which is described in various Samhita and other Ayurvedic texts. Dhatura is one of the upvisha having abundant therapeutic
value. It is mentioned under Sthavar
visha, The word Upvisha (poisonous
drug) means nearer to Visha (poison),
which is drug that possesses the same qualities as poison, but is not equally
potent. Although many formulations are present to treat various diseases, the
information regarding Dhatura
is scattered in the Ayurvedic classical
texts, thus this article is planned to accumulate all the clinical properties
of Dhatura through its
literature review.
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Introduction
Visha means poison. Agadtantra or Vishachikitsa
means to study the treatment of diseases caused by poison or Visha.
In Ayurveda science, many herbal drugs have been divided into Visha
and Upvisha. Dhatura is one of the Upvisha mentioned in Ayurveda,
Upvisha is less poisonous in nature than Visha. But if taken in
more quantity, causes a drastic toxic effect on the body. Acharya Charak
opined that a deadly poison can be a very good medicine if it is administered
properly.Dhattura is one such poisonous drug that is an ingredient in
many formulations that have multiple therapeutic applications.
Ayurveda has classified poisonous drugs into two categories: Sthavara
(plant origin) and Jangama (animal origin) visha. Sthavara
visha is again classified into Visha (poisons) and Upavisha
(less potential poisons). Among Visha group only Vatsanabha (Aconitum
ferox) is identified and now in use. Upavisha group includes Langali
(Gloriosa superba Linn), Vishamusti (Strychnos nux-vomica
Linn), Karaveera (Nerium oleander Linn), Jayapala (Croton
tiglium Linn), Dhatura (Datura metel Linn.), Vijaya (Cannabis
sativa Linn.), Gunja (Abrus precatorius Linn.), Bhallataka
(Semecarpus anacardium Linn.), Arka (Calotropis gigantica
(Linn.) R. Br.) and Snuhi (Euphorbia ligularia Roxb.).
DOI: 10.52228/NBW-JAAB.2023-5-1-2
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Dhatura plant has many uses. Dhatura
is a plant with both poisonous and medicinal properties. According to classical
text Dhatura is a poisonous plant but after shodhan Dhatura
has good clinical properties. It is a plant well known for its great
medicinal value in Ayurveda and is effective in many diseases.
Description -
Taxonomical
Classification (Sharma
2005)
Kingdom : Plantae
Divison : Mangoliophyta
Subdivison : Angiospermae
Class : Mangoliospida
Subclass : Asterids
Order : Solanals
Family : Solanaceae
Genus : Datura
Botanical name :
Datura metel
Linn.
(D. Fastuosa L; D alba Nees)
Family : Solanaceae
Vernacular
Names (Ayrvedic
Pharmacopia Vol 4)
Hindi - Sada dhatura
English - Thorn apple
Telugu - Ummetta
Tamil - Ummathai
Bengali - Dhatura
Gujarati -
Dhattura
Synonyms - Unmatta, Kanak, Dhurta,
Matula, Sivapriya, Matulaputraka, Dhattura, Dhurta, Kitava, Devata, Mahamohi,
Knakahvaya, Dustura, Toori.
Botanical Discription (Shastry 2005)
Dhatura metel -Herb,
pubesscent
Leaves -Large, entire sinuate or toothed, bar
ubequal.
Flower -Erect whitish purple
Calyx -Long, tubular 5 toothed at apex,
Corolla -long tubular to funnel shaped.
Fruit -Capsule globose or elipsoid, Spines, 4 valved or
irregular
Seeds -Compressed, rugose, br
Classification
(Shri Narhari 2012)
According to Rajnighantu - 5 types
Sveta, Nila, Krishna, Rakta, Pita
2 types
Sveta, Krishna
Dhatura and Part use – Patra (Leaves), Pushpa
(flower), Beeja (seed), Phala (fruit), Mula (Root).
Therapeutic Dose - Bijachurna
- ½ to
1 Ratti (Bhavaprakash)
-
¼ th to ½ Ratti (Rasatarangini)
Patrachurna - ½
to 1½ Ratti (Bhavaprakash)
Chemical
Constituents
– The major alkaloids are Hyoscyamine and Scopalamine. Several minor alkaloids
have been identified in Dhatura species are daturadiol, Daturalone, B.
sitosterol, hyosine, hyoscymine, fastunine, fastunic acid, fastusinine,
daturanolone, allantoin, Norhyoscyamine, norhyscine, tropine, pseudotropine,
Datura species are particularly rich in tropane alkaloids.
Hyoscine [(-)-Scopolamine] constitutes the major tropane alkaloid, along with
hyoscyamine and atropine, having different concentration levels in different
plant parts.
The atropine content in the leaves in Datura metel
was found to be 0.426%, whereas hyoscyamine levels wernoratropine,e found to be
0.426% in the seeds and 0.43% in flower. (Al-Snafi 2017)
Rasapanchak
(Pandey 2016)
Rasa - madhura, tikta, kashaya
Guna - laghu, ruksha, Tikshna
Virya - ushna
Vipaka - katu
Karma -
Vata-Kaphahara, Vishaghna, Kasahara
Therapeutic Formulations (Das et al. 2008; Ratnakar and Shah 2005;
Rasavagbhata et al. 1995)
(few
of the important formulations which are used in clinical practices)
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S. No.
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Formulations
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Indications
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References
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1.
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Lakshmivilas rasa
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Jwara
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Ratnakar and Shah 2005
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2.
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Mrutyunjaya rasa
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Unmada
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Ratnakar and Shah 2005
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3.
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Mahalakshamivilas rasa
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Siroroga
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Ratnakar and Shah 2005
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4.
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Kanaksundar rasa (bruhat)
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Pittatisara
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Ratnakar and Shah 2005
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5..
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Dugdhavati
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Sangrahani
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Ratnakar and Shah 2005
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6.
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Sutikahara rasa-2
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Sutikaroga
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Ratnakar and Shah 2005
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7.
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Mrutasanjivanivatika
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Sannipatajwara
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Ratnakar and Shah 2005
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8.
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Pushpadhanva rasa-2
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Vajikaran
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Ratnakar and Shah 2005
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9.
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Sutasekhara rasa-1
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Amlapitta
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Ratnakar and Shah 2005
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10.
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Dugdhavati-3
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Shotha
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Ratnakar and Shah 2005
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11.
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Sutikaharo rasa-1
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Striroga
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Ratnakar and Shah 2005
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12.
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Mahalaksmivilas rasa-1
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Kapha
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Ratnakar and Shah 2005
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13.
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Aanandabhairavivatika
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Sannipatajwara
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Rasavagbhata et al. 1995
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14.
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Kanaksundara rasa
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Grahani
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Rasavagbhata et al. 1995
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15.
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Kanakasava
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Swas
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Rasavagbhata et al. 1995
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16.
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Mahavishagarbha Tail
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Vatavyadhi
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Rasavagbhata et al. 1995
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Medicinal
properties (According to Ayurveda)
·
Charaka delineated Dhatura in the context of Visha
Chikitsa and in Kustha Chikitsa (Madhvasava), Charak described
it only thrice in the name Kanaka. (Charka Vol 2)
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Vagbhata quoted it twice each as Dhaturaka and
Kanaka (Ashtanga Hirdaya)
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Alarkavisha
(Hydrophobia) - Sushruta has indicated in Alarkavisha. (Murthy
Vol 2)
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Vedanahara - A paste of Dhatura leaves
and roots applied locally relieves pain because its local anesthatic action. It
can be used as an antispasmodic in colics. Flower juice is useful in
ear-ache. (Bhavprakash Vol 1; Shri Narhari 2012)
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Use in
Mutra-krishnata (Shri
Narhari 2012)
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Inndralupta
(Shri Narhari 2012)
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Khalitya - Fruit
juice is used in dandruff and falling of the hair. (Shri Narhari 2012)
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Kusthaghna - Dhatura cures skin
diseases. It is beneficial uses are in skin disorders particularly associated
with itching and pruritis. (Shri Narhari 2012; Sharma et al. 2016a; Sharma et
al. 2016b)
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Jwaraghna (antipyretic) - It is indicated in fevers and causes vertigo (if
taken in over doses) (Sharma et al. 2016b; Shastri 1973)
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Krimighna - Yuka, liksa worms are killed by its uses.
(Shri Narhari 2012; Sharma et al. 2016a; Sharma et al. 2016b)
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Sothahara
(Anti-inflammatory) - Leaves are applied externally to
relieve inflammatory condition. (Shastri 1973)
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Kandughna
- Reduces kapha
and act as antipruritic (Sharma et al. 2016a; Sharma et al. 2016b)
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Swasahara
(antiasthamatic) - Smoking of leaves and seeds or
both in the form of cigarette, gives relief in asthamatic conditions. (Sharma
et al. 2016a; Shri Narhari 2012; Bhavprakash Vol 1)
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Vranahara
- Its removes
agony of wound and heals ulcers. (Sharma et al. 2016b). Leaves are apllied on
sores and boils. (Sharma et al. 2016b; Bhavprakash Vol 1)
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Pitakamaya - Juice
of Mandukaparni and
paste of Dhatura root destroys the boils. (Sharma et al. 2016b)
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Vipadika
- Oil made up
of paste of Dhatura seeds, Mankand Kshara Jala and Katu Tail
is useful in affected area of cracked feet (Vipadika).
In drug and cosmetic act, under schedule E1 list of
poisonous drug has been given and Dhatura is listed in it. As Dhatura
is a poisonous plant, it is necessary to purify it before using it for
medicinal purpose.
In Ayurvedic texts many Acharya have
mentioned purification method of Dhatura, thus purification method of
Dhatura According to Acharya Yogratnakar have been mentioned below.
Shodhan
process of Dhatura: (Mishra 2010)
The Shodhana process of Dhatura seeds
is performed using cow’s urine and cow’s milk as per the classical Ayurvedic
texts.
u Clean the dust and impurities from
Dhatura seeds. After that soak it completely in cow's urine for 12 hrs.
u Take out seeds from cow's urine,
then wash it with water.
u Make a bundle and tie it in muslin
cloth, then hang it in a mud pot without touching the bottom (dola yantra).
u Boil it in cows milk for 1 Prahar.
u Then wash after cooling and dry.
u Remove the outer shell of the
dried Dhatura seeds.
u After removing the outer cover,
store the shodhit dried seeds.
Discussion
Dhatura metel (Linn.) is one of the poisonous drug
described in Ayurveda classified under poisonous drug. According to Charak,
poison can be converted into nectar if used as judiciously. There are many formulations of Dhatura and
many indications in which Dhatura is used as medicine. It is used
both internally as well as externally in the form of Tail, Ghrit, Lepa
and Churna.
Ayurveda seers successfully used the formulation of Dhatura
metel in a variety of Disease conditions such as Kustha (skin disease, Vrana
(wound), Krimi (Worms), Kandu (itching), Vedana (pain),
Jwara (pyrexia), Shotha (inflammation) Swasa, Mutrarog
etc. Externally it is used in the form of lepa and Tail. The
paste is to be applied externally on skin and is termed as lepa. ghrit(ghee)
prepared by such a kalka and applied on penis helps the erectile tissue
of the organ to maintain its posture. Dhaturadi Tail is significant by
effective to cure Vipadika due to its tridosha-shamaka
properties, when applied locally.
Roots are used in boils in the form of lepa.
Leaves and seeds are aften used as cigarette, it gives relief in asthamatic
conditions. There are various parts of Dhatura metel which shows different
medicinal properties. Therapeutic efficacy of Dhatura is discussed on
the basis of available compiled data.
Conclusion
Dhatura metel may show a
high medicinal potential, if it is used tharapeuticaly. Dhatura metel, a
poisonous (upvisha) herbal drug available thoughout india is capable of
treating diseases such as kushaghna, swasa, vrana, shotha, kandu, arsha etc
after using proper measures. It also
shows jwaraghna, vedanahar, krimighna properties. Present review gives a
broad information about the medicinal properties of dhatura metel acccording to
Ayurveda.
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AD, Shastri RD, editors, Edn 19th, Chaukhmbha Prakashan, Varanasi, 2008
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Ayurveda, Volume 2 CCRAS, New Delhi Reprint 2005, P 200.
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Varanasi Reprint Ed 2016 Ch.4 Karviradi Varga 4/6-7, P-122.
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