NewBioWorld A
Journal of Alumni Association of Biotechnology (2022) 4(2):15-17
REVIEW
ARTICLE
Revaluation of Mushroom Edibility Based on Differences in
Morphological Characteristic
Khemraj Sahu*, Pritika Pradhan and
Nagendra Kumar Chandrawanshi
School
of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur,
Chhattisgarh, India
khemrajsahu1197@gmail.com; pritikapradhan03@gmail.com; chandrawanshi11@gmail.com
*Corresponding author Email- khemrajsahu1197@gmail.com
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ARTICLE INFORMATION
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ABSTRACT
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Article history:
Received
25 October 2022
Received in revised form
18 November 2022
Accepted
Keywords:
Edible mushroom;
poisonous mushroom;
toxic substances
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Due to
confusion, poisonous mushrooms are mistakenly consumed by mushroom hunters as
edible mushrooms because they look morphologically similar. This review
differentiates some edible and poisonous mushrooms, and differentiating keys
are based on the cap structure, colour, texture, gills colour, attachment to
the stem, stem colour, texture, spore colour and shapes, and volva. Listed
edible mushroom species are Amanita
caesarea, Agaricus campestris, Amanita rubescens, and Chlorophyllum rhacodes. Poisonous
mushrooms are Amanita muscaria,
Agaricus xanthoderma, Amanita phalloides, and Chlorophyllum molybdites, etc.
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Introduction
Mushroom is a macrofungi,
belonging to Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. It contains high nutritional content
due to its high level of carbohydrates, protein, minerals, vitamins, low
cholesterol content, crude fiber, and trace element. Among the presence of bioactive
components mushrooms are reported for antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumor,
anticancer, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antidiabetic that’s the reason
recent years, mushrooms have become popular worldwide due to their nutritional
and therapeutic benefits (Govorushko et al., 2019; Alam et al., 2021; Ahmed et
al., 2023). Good flavor, odor, and the absence of any toxic
substances on people are all potential characteristics of edible
mushrooms. Researchers continue much work on mushroom properties such as
taxonomy, edibility, and medicinal properties. According to the edibility, mushrooms
are majorly categorized into 2 types edible and poisonous mushrooms. Some
poisonous mushroom looks similar to edible mushroom and people are confused and
consume them after consumption show adverse effects on the body, such as
abdominal pain, nausea, gastrointestinal discomfort, vomiting, diarrhea,
headaches, central nervous system disturbances, pupil contraction vision
problems, and some poisonous mushrooms affect major organs such as liver and
kidney (Yamada et al., 2012; Barman et al., 2017; Wennig, et al., 2020; Lee et
al., 2022). Most mushroom poisoning cases are accidental because
there is no simple way to tell which are edible and poisonous mushrooms.
But some characterization keys to differentiate them, such as morphology and
substrate because mushrooms utilize different substrates for growth;
understanding the substrate might help to identify a particular mushroom.
Identification of mushroom spores is also important, and able to be
observed in a mass because they are microscopic (Peterson and Talcott, 2012;
Bijeesh et al., 2017). In the forest, both types of mushrooms are found edible
and poisonous, some edible species look similar to poisonous mushrooms, and
that’s the region mushroom foragers confused them and pick poisonous mushrooms,
mistakenly consume them, after consumption shows adverse side effects. So, the
identification and differentiation keys between them and their knowledge is
essential (Ruan et al., 2018). Macro and micromorphological attributes were
described in the below table, such as cap colour, cap size, gills arrangement,
and attachment, stem size, colour, texture, spore colour, and shape, and toxic
substances present in poisonous mushrooms, and how people confused them.
DOI: 10.52228/NBW-JAAB.2022-4-2-3
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Table- 01. Morphological characteristics of poisonous mushrooms with
names of similar edible species.
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Poisonous species
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Amanita muscaria
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Agaricus xanthoderma
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Amanita phalloides
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Chlorophyllum molybdites
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Common name
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Fly agaric
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Yellow-staining mushroom
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Deathcap
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False parasol
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Cap colour
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Orange
or red-yellow
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Whitish
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Greenish
yellow
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White colour and brown scales
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Cap size (in diameter) and texture
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9
-14 cm, white texture present
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10
– 13 cm
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6–12.5
cm
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8-30
cm, brown texture present
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Gills colour
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Whitish
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Pale-pink
to chocolate colour
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White
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Green
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Spore
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White
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Brown
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White
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Greenish
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Stem
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6–21
cm tall
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10-12
cm tall
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6–12.5
cm tall
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5-30
cm tall
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Ring in stem
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Present
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Present
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Present
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Present
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Volva
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White
or yellow
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Absent
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White
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Absent
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Toxic substances and their structure
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Ibotenic
acid and muscimol
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Molybdophylysin
toxic protein.
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Amatoxins
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Molybdophylysin
toxic protein.
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Morphological similar edible species
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Amanita caesarea
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Agaricus campestris
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Agaricus campestris
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Chlorophyllum rhacodes
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References
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Voynova et al., 2020.
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Callac et al.,
2005; Lakkireddy et al., 2020.
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Garcia et al., 2015.
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Bijeesh et al., 2017.
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The chemical structure
draws by chem draw,
Image sources- National Centers for Biotechnology Information
PubChem https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Amatoxin
Table 02. Morphological
characteristics keys of edible mushroom species
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Edible species
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Amanita caesarea
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Agaricus campestris
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Amanita rubescens
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Chlorophyllum rhacodes
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Common name
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Caesars mushroom
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Field mushroom
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Blusher
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Shaggy parasol
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Cap colour
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Deep
reddish orange
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White
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Reddish-brown
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White
cap with thick brown scales
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Cap size (in diameter) and texture
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15-20 cm
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5–10
cm
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5-15 cm, white
texture present
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Reddish-brown texture
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Gills color
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Yellow
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Pinkish
when young
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White
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White
to cream
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Spore
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White
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Brown
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White
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White
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Stem
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8–15 cm
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4-6
cm
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5-15 cm pinkish on the bottom side
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light brown
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Ring in stem
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Present
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Present
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Present
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Present
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Volva
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Present
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Absent
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Disappear after maturity
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Not volva but bulbous base present
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Toxic substances
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Absent
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Absent
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Absent
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Absent
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References
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Groves,
1981
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Zhao et al., 2020
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Hernandez-Rico et al., 2019; Stefanikova et al., 2021
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Molina, 1993; Schwab, 2012
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Conclusion
In
this review, differentiate the poisonous and similar edible specie through
their morphology. Since this is merely a morphological difference, based on
their cap, gills, stem, volva, spore structure, shape, size, texture, and color.
Also, the mushroom picture is a more suitable and good way for differentiating
between the closely morphologically similar edible and poisonous mushroom
species.
Conflict of
interest
The authors had no conflict of
interest.
Acknowledgment
The authors are also
thankful to the Head, School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar
Shukla University, Raipur for providing facilities and to conduct the
study.
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