NewBioWorld A
Journal of Alumni Association of Biotechnology (2022) 4(2):8-14
REVIEW
ARTICLE
Butea monosperma: A Plant of Traditional and
Medicinal Significance
Arpita Srivastava1, Arunima Sur2*
and Kush Kumar Nayak3
1,2,3Amity Institute of
Biotechnology, Amity University Chhattisgarh, Raipur, India
nikisrivastava47@gmail.com;
asur@rpr.amity.edu; nayak23bt@gmail.com
*Corresponding Author Email- asur@rpr.amity.edu
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ARTICLE INFORMATION
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ABSTRACT
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Article history:
Received
28 August 2022
Received in revised form
26 October 2022
Accepted
Keywords:
Butea monosperma;
phytochemical; antibacterial;
antioxidant;
anti-inflammatory
activity;
antihelmintic
activity
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Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub belonging to the family is
Fabaceae is widely found in India and other countries of Asia. The use of
this herbal plant has been reported in conventional medicines for centuries.
The crude extracts of varied parts of Butea monosperma consists of large
number of phytochemicals such as lactones, flavonoids, alkaloids and many
more which encompasses immense potential of medicinal properties including
antibacterial, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory activities etc. Butea
monosperma also comprises properties such as aphrodisiac, diuretics,
astringent, tonic etc. The ubiquitous utilization of this herbal plant have
resulted in their wide chemical exploration for their bioactive principles
which may lead to the development of significant novel drugs in treating
various ailments in future. This review will confer about the taxonomy, botanical
description, traditional uses, significant medicinal activity and future
prospective of Butea monosperma.
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Introduction
Over the
precedent decade, herbal medicines have developed into a theme of worldwide
significance, making an impact equally on world wellbeing and international
trade. Therapeutic plants endure to play an imperative function in the
healthcare organization of vast coverage of the world’s populace (Jan and Jain
2010). Acknowledgment and expansion of the curative and economic benefits of
these plants are at the stage of increase mutually in developing and
industrialized nations (WHO 1998). In India Herbs have been considered as the
foremost source of drugs and currently becoming accepted, globally, as populace
endeavor to reside in good physical shape in the face of chronic stress and
pollution, and along with that for the treatment of various ailments and
maintenance of the body’s resistance. There is a prevalent conviction that
herbal medications are safer than synthetic drugs (Balchin and Deans 1997).The
World Health Organization reported that 80% of the world’s inhabitants rely
primarily on conventional medicine and a foremost element of the traditional
therapies involve the utilization of plant extracts or their vigorous
constituents.(Ahmad et al. 1998)Plants are the source of immense measure of
medicines and as medication on account from the ancient. Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub is an important medicinal plant among
the numerous herbs in Ayurveda. It is generally known as ‘Flame of forest’ and
Bastard Teak as well as recognized as palasha under the Sanskrit name. Butea monosperma is a medium- sized tree
of family Fabaceae. This tree is
recommended for the treatment of a range of disorders as it possesses valuable
remedial properties. This tree is a superior resource of gum, resin, food,
fibre, dyes etc as well as extensively used in Ayurveda, Unani and Homeopathic
medication and has turn out to be a cynosure of current medicine. They
encompass one of the major families of about 18,000 species (Burlia and Khadeb2007a).
Butea monosperma, Butea frondosa, Butea
parviflora, Butea superba are the other species of Butea which are broadly scattered all the way through India (Sutariya
and Saraf 2015a). The purpose of the existing review is to throw light on the
taxanomy, phytochemistry, medicinal activities as well as future prospective of
Butea monosperma.
Butea
monosperma
Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub belongs to the
family Fabaceae and is known by variety of names. The common names of Butea monosperma are as follows (Sutariya
and Saraf 2015b, Kore et al. 2020).
Botanical
Classification
The
botanical classification of Swertia
chirayita is as follows (Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia).
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class:
Magnoliopsida
Order:
Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Genus: Butea
DOI: 10.52228/NBW-JAAB.2022-4-2-2
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Species: monosperma
(Lam.) Taubert
Table.1. Common
names of Butea monosperma
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Common
names
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Different
languages
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States
of India
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Paalasha,
Kimshuka
(Ayurvedic)
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----
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Dhaak,
Samagh
(Unani)
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-----
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----
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Brahma
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Sanskrit
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----
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Kesudo
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Guajarati
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Gujarat
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Kimsuk
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Bengali
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West
Bengal
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Palasam
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Tamil
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Tamil
Nadu
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Keshu
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Punjabi
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Punjab
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Pangong
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Manipuri
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Assam
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Distribution
Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub is a
medium-sized deciduous tree mounting all through India, South Japan,Indonesia, Sri
Lanka, Nepal, Thailand and Vietnam. The tree is found up to a height of 1200 m
excluding arid regions (Khare 2007). It grows in areas of grasslands which are
open and is found spreaded in mixed forest. Butea
monosperma can be upstretched on the lands which are irrigated as well as
arid. Butea monosperma has the
ability to grow on an ample variability of soils such as black cotton soil,
shallow, clay loams and waterlogged soils. A seedling of this plant flourishes
best on a prosperous loamy soil with pH 6-7 under high temperature as well as
relative humidity (Burlia and Khadeb2007b).
Description
Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. (Bastard Teak,
Flame of the Forest; Synonyms: Butea
frondosa Roxb; Butea monosperma (Lam.)
Belongs to a family of Fabaceae native to tropical southeastern Asia and an
ornamental tree prevalently grown and found around the globe. It is a deciduous
tree about 12–15 m high, possessing a curved stem of diameter up to 20-40 cm in
full-grown tree. It has pinnate leaves, with petiole of 8-16 cm along with three
10-20 cm long leaflets. The length of flowers of Butea
monosperma are 2.5 cm, bright orange in color, in addition wrought in
racemes which is up to 15 cm extended, these appears into sight during spring
season. Fruit of this plant is a pod of about 15-20 cm long and 4-5 cm wide,
ripened brown in colour. (Kapoor 2005, Suguna et al. 2005).
Traditional uses
Traditional
uses of Butea monosperma are as
follows, the herb is utilized in diverse parts of the world to cure a number of
illnesses such as ringworm, sores and skin troubles, insomnia, liver disorders,
ulcer, muscular pains, tumor, dysentery, fever, fungal infection, urinary
disorder, asthma, leucorrhoea etc. The traditional use of Butea monosperma is mentioned in the following Table 2. (Sharma
and Deshwal 2011).
Phytochemical analysis
Hait et al., investigated for qualitative
phytochemical screening of flower of Butea
monosperma were the presence of ten phytoconstituents was found in
different solvent extracts. The phytoconstituents are cardiac glycosides,
phenols, flavonoids, carbohydrates, tannins, saponins, alkaloids and
terpenoids. Alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, glycosides
and phenols possess different kinds of outcomes in a variety of solvents. The
water extract of flower revealed the presence of carbohydrate, tannins,
alkaloids, proteins, and quinones. On the other hand, 70% ethanol and acetone
consist of cardiac glycosides, carbohydrates, flavonoids, phenols, quinones and
terpenoids. The occurrence of phenol, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids,
terpenoids and proteins was revealed in the methanol extract. Alkaloids protect
against the ailments. Saponins defend against hypercholesterolemia whereas
flavonoids and phenols show their effectiveness collectively with antioxidant,
free radical scavenging capabilities, anti-inflammatory etc. (Hait et al. 2019).
Salar and Seasotiya studied that acetone and methanol extracts of decreasing
solvent polarity consists of the existence of most phytochemicals. The chief
extractive value obtained in water extract (4.03%) signifying the presence of a
high amount of water soluble phytoconstituents. On the other hand, increasing
polarity extracts exhibited highest extractive value (2.09%) in acetone
extracts (Salar and Seasotiya 2011). The other investigation of phytochemicals
of Butea monosperma leaves revealed
the presence of alkaloids in hexane and chloroform extracts as well as flavones
in petroleum ether and chloroform extract. (Mishra 2016). Hossain et al., studied that the seeds of Butea monosperma consists of various
phytochemical components consisting diverse biological functions. The outcome
showed the presence of different phytochemicals in the methanol extract with
the confirmation of the existence of diverse classes of secondary metabolites
such as tannins, flavanoids, alkaloids and terpenoids. The existence of 43.03
±0.09 mg/g GAE of total phenolic compound was evident in the result. About
36.87 mg/g of QE flavonoids and 20.76 mg/g AE of alkaloids were analysed in the
investigation. The potential activities possessed by phenolic compounds were
found to be antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatic protective, anticancer,
antimicrobial activities (Hossain et al
2013). Thooyavan and Karthikeyan investigated the occurrence of the
phytochemical compounds augment the therapeutic value of Butea monosperma more after the recognition of 35 volatile chemical
compounds of diverse functional groups such as alcohol, hydrocarbon, esters, etc. in methanol through GCMS
analysis. Various functional groups of phytochemicals were identified by means
of GC-MS studies. The current findings also disclose the existence of
medicinally significant compounds like flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins etc. in
the methanolic seed extract of Butea
monosperma. The identification of compounds was done with the reference to the standard databases
(Thooyavan and Karthikeyan 2016).
Table
2.
Traditional uses of different parts of Butea
monosperma
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Parts of Butea monosperma
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Traditional
uses
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References
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Flowers
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Hepatic
disorders
Viral
Hepatitis
Diarrhea
Astringent
and tonic
Treatment
of chronic fever
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(Firdaus and Mazumder2012), Patnaik 1993a, Muzamder 2011)
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Roots
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Filariasis
Night
blindness
Helminthiasis
Piles,
ulcers and tumors
Antifertility
and analgesic
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(Singh and Swati 2012,
Somayaji and Hegde 2016a)
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Bark
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Antiulcer,
antitumor
Regulation
of menstrual flow
Dyspepsia
Diarrhea,
blood purifier
Treatment
of snake bite
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(Patnaik 1993b, Somayaji and Hegde 2016a)
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Leaves
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To
cure boils, pimples, swellings etc.
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(Yadav
2020a)
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Gum
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Astringent
and depurative
Useful
in leprosy and skin diseases.
Used
as microbial and fungal infections in some tribes like Banjara from
Maharashtra (India)
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(Yadav
2020b)
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Medicinal Properties
Srivastava
et al., studied the therapeutic potential of Swertia chirayita. In this
study they reviewed the pharmacological properties of the herb Swertia
chirayita. (Srivastava et al. 2021a) Similarly, Srivastava et al., assessed
the Therapeutic and Safety aspects of Tinospora cordifolia. In this
study they reviewed the medicinal properties of Tinospora cordifolia. (Srivastava
et al. 2021b).
Antioxidant activity
There are
a wide range of free radicals are presented by oxidative environment including
superoxide, hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide and peroxynitrite, that living
organisms to deal with. Countless evidences exist to elucidate the role of free
radicals in the growth of a variety of diseases including neurodegeneration,
cancer and some inflammatory diseases. Antioxidants have consequently gained
significance for their competence to neutralize such free radicals (Lu 2010,Dudonna
2009). Lavhale et al., studied that
the fractions of butanol, ethyl acetate, in addition aqueous from methanolic
extract of flowers of Butea monosperma encompassed
free radical scavenging activity (Lavhale and Mishra 2007). Sindhia and
Bairwa estimated the free radical scavenging activity of diverse extracts of
flowers was completed by means of diverse in-vitro models like scavenging of 2,
2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radial, reducing power assay, nitric oxide
radical, hydroxyl radical etc. Ethyl acetate and butanol fractions of methanolic
extract revealed effective free radical scavenging activity (Sindhia and Bairwa2010).
According to Munawar et al, The
antioxidant property of the crude extracts was analyzed and as well as compared
by a range of biochemical assays like, DPPH and NBT assay. The antioxidant
activity of ethanolic extract of stem confirmed relatively stronger effect as
compared to the flower extract. The DPPH scavenging activity came out to be
55%, 74% and 91% at 600 μg/ml for flower extract, stem extract and Vitamin C in
that order (Munawar et al. 2018).
Antimicrobial activity
The
mounting failure of chemotherapeutics and antibiotic resistance exhibited by
pathogenic microorganisms has become a foremost crisis to mankind and ultimate
leads to the screening of numerous therapeutic plants regarding their potential
for antimicrobial activity which signifies a probable source of novel anti-infective
agents (Elizabeth2005). Dhale et al.,
investigated that the antimicrobial activity of the leaves of Butea monosperma using petroleum ether,
alcohol and chloroform as solvents against Bacillus
subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The antimicrobial
activity of ethanolic extract was most competent against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus
aureus with the zone of inhibition of 13 mm (Dhale et al. 2010). Malpani et al., investigated the antimicrobial
activity of the aqueous and methanolic extracts of the leaves, flower and gum
of Butea monosperma by cup plate agar
well diffusion method against Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus
and Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. The aqueous extracts
showed very effective antimicrobial activity against all pathogens as compared
to methanolic extract. The zone of inhibition with the water extract of gum,
leaves and flower against Bacillus
subtilis was found to be 38mm, 36mm and 21mm. Activity of water extract was
significant against Bacillus subtilis (Malpani
et al. 2012). Lohitha et al., studied
the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic and aqueous extract of bark of Butea monosperma against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia
coli. Both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts showed good efficacy against Bacillus subtilis with the zone of
inhibition of 25mm and 26mm (Lohitha et al. 2010). Verma et al., evaluated the screening
of antimicrobial activity of clove oil which was extracted from cloveagainst
Bacteria and Fungi.Clove oil was found to be effectual in contradiction of
Bacteria as compared to Fungi in specific concentration. (Verma et al. 2016)
Sur, investigated the antimicrobial of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) Seed
Oil against Bacteria and Fungi. According to the results fennel oil was more
effective against bacteria in compare to fungi. (Sur, 2020).
Antidiabetic activity
Diabetes
is an obscure and varied assembly of disorders characterized by hyperglycemia
that has attained an epidemic level in the present century. Herbal plants are
prosperous source of organic compounds, a lot of which might lead to the
development of novel agents for the treatment of this disease and various
pathological disorders (Kondalreddy 2019).Somani et al., investigated that in alloxan induced diabetic rats the
glucose tolerance and cause reduction in blood glucose was extensively improved
by the treatment of single dose of ethanol extract of Butea monosperma flowers at the dose of 200mg/kg p.o. (Somani et al2006) Talubmook et al., studied that the ethanolic
extract of Butea monosperma flowers
substantially reduced blood glucose, serum cholesterol, improved HDL
cholesterol as well as enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes were also
observed (Talubmook and Buddhakala 2014). Harish et al., found that effective anti-diabetic activity was shown by
aqueous extracts of leaves and stem bark of Butea
monosperma through various in vitro techniques
like diffusion, amylolysis kinetics, enteric enzymes, glucose adsorption etc. (Harish
et al 2014).
Anti-inflammatory activity
Inflammation
is a severe response by the living tissues to any kind of injury. Chronic
inflammation may result in damage to the body. Plants have the ability to
synthesize a variety of phytochemicals that have the potential to treat various
chronic and infectious diseases (Verma 2016). Shahavi and Desai evaluated that
the methanolic extract of anti-methanolic extract of Butea monosperma showed significant anti-inflammatory activity by
carrageenin induced paw edema and cotten pellet granuloma. At 600 and 800 mg/kg
inhibition of paw edema, by 26 and 35% was observed in carrageenin induced paw
edema whereas in cotten pellet granuloma of granuloma tissue formation was
inhibited by 22 and 28%. (Shahavi and Desai 2008). Krolikiewicz-Renimel et al., investigated that the hydro
alcoholic extract of Butea monosperma flowers
in which the fractions of butrin, isobutrin were found competent in decreasing
the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, prostaglandin production as well
as matrix metalloproteinase. (Krolikiewicz-Renimel et al 2013).
Hepatoprotective Activity
Liver
plays a pivotal role in metabolism, secretion and storage. The risk of liver intoxication
has increased by higher exposure to environmental toxins, pesticides,
pharmaceuticals and frequent use of chemotherapeutics. (Verma R2018) Sharma et al., found that the aqueous extract
of Butea monosperma flowers reinstated
serum transaminases, hepatic lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione and total
protein levels against CCl4 induced acute liver injury [Sharma et al. 2011).
The pretreatment effect of methanolic Butea
monosperma extract previous to TAA treatment at two doses suggesting the results
that it may perhaps put in to the chemo preventive effect. A noteworthy revival
was shown by Butea monospermain the
level of glutathionealong with its detoxifying enzyme system induced by metabolizing
enzyme in the liver revealed by the
prominent levels of other QR, SOD, GPx, and xanthine oxidase, which are vital
phase II enzymes. (Sehrawat et al. 2006)
Anti-anthelmintic activity
Helminthiasis
is among the most important animal disease. Helminths are the most common
infectious agents of humans in developing countries contribute to the
prevalence of malnutrition, anemia and pneumonia. Plants are known to provide a
rich source of botanical anthelmintic that have led to the proposal of their screening
for their anthelmintic activity (Egnale and Giday2008). Bokar et al., revealed that in vitro anthelmintic activity against roundworm,
earth worms, also tapeworms was extensively exhibited by the alcoholic and
ethyl acetate leaves extracts of Butea monosperma
(Bokar et al. 2011). Singh et al., investigated
that the aqueous seeds extracts of Butea
monosperma possessed effective anthelmintic efficiency against Haemonchus
contortus present in sheep and goats (Singh et al. 2015).
Future Perspectives
Butea monosperma has enormous potential as
well as encompasses widespread activity on several diseases. A lot of bioactive
compounds from different parts of the plant have been explored for various
biological activities. The phytochemicals such as tannins have been
traditionally used for protection of inflamed surfaces of the mouth and
treatment of catarrha, wounds, haemorrhoids, and diarrhea, and as antidote in
heavy metal poisoning. Flavonoids are naturally occurring phenols which is
found to possess numerous biological activities including anti-inflammatory,
antiallergic, antithrombotic and Vaso protective effects whereas glycosides are
reported to possess antimicrobial activity. The characterization of the
phytocompounds present in extracts, the isolation of liable bioactive compounds
along with the study of their medicinal activity are the relevant and chief
area regarding future investigations which will illustrate a broad spectrum of
pharmacological activities and may lead to chemical entities with potential for
clinical use.
Conclusion
The
present review shows the traditional, phytochemical and pharmacological
activities of Butea monosperma. The
plant comprises tremendous prospective against a range of diseases. Advanced
pertinent studies are required to be accomplished for the determination of the
mechanism by which Butea monosperma exhibit
medicinal properties furthermore these effects are considered necessary to be
confirmed for its efficient utilization as curative agents.
Acknowledgement
I
would like to express my sincere gratitude to Amity University Chhattisgarh for
the kind support and guidance.
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