Diversity of Medicinal Plants Existing in the Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University Campus, Raipur (Chhattisgarh)

Shriram Kunjam*; S.K. Jadhav

doi:10.52228/NBW-JAAB.2021-3-1-6

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Diversity of Medicinal Plants Existing in the Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University Campus, Raipur (Chhattisgarh)

Author(s): Shriram Kunjam*¹, S.K. Jadhav²

Email(s): ¹shriramkunjam07@gmail.com, ²jadhav9862@gmail.com

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Published In: Volume - 3, Issue - 1, Year - 2021

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Shriram Kunjam, S.K. Jadhav (2021) Diversity of Medicinal Plants Existing in the Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University Campus, Raipur (Chhattisgarh). NewBioWorld A Journal of Alumni Association of Biotechnology, 3(1):23-30.

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NewBioWorld A Journal of Alumni Association of Biotechnology (2021) 3(1):23-30

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Diversity of Medicinal Plants Existing in the Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University Campus, Raipur (Chhattisgarh)

Shriram Kunjam¹*, S.K. Jadhav²

¹Department of Botany, Govt. V.Y.T. PG Autonomous College, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India

²School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India

Author’s Email- ¹shriramkunjam07@gmail.com, ²jadhav9862@gmail.com

*Corresponding Author Email- shriramkunjam07@gmail.com

ARTICLE INFORMATION

ABSTRACT

Article history:

Received

02 May 2021

Received in revised form

11 June 2021

Accepted

23 June 2021

Keywords:

Biodiversity;

Medicinal plants;

Flora;

University Campus

India is rich in medicinal plant diversity, which is distributed in different geographical, environmental conditions and associated tribal & folk knowledge systems. The field study was carried out during November 18, 2015 to December 02, 2015 on the Campus of Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur (Chhattisgarh.). A total 78 plant species belongs to 72 genera and 35 families were collected from the study area. All the plant species were identified and their ethnobotanical information was elucidated. Out of 35 families, 02 were monocotyledons (Poaceae and Liliaceae) and the remaining belongs to dicotyledons.

Introduction

Medicinal plants have been used by humans from time immemorial. Many drugs have plant origin, and several plants are currently undergoing an investigation to ascertain their therapeutic efficacies (Balunas and Kinghorn 2005; Vickers et al. 2001). A Man is the master of the earth. Man makes a society upon the earth for his dwelling and inhabitation. For dwelling and inhabitation, a healthy atmosphere of nature and surroundings is a must. If nature and surroundings are polluted, man falls sick and the society becomes weak and health is deteriorated.

In order to heal and cure different diseases, man has approached the nature. Nature provides millions of variety of plants and trees which carry the ingredient elements for curing all types of diseases in human and animal society. According to World Health Organization (WHO) -“Any plant and its organs containing any substance that can be used therapeutically, or can be used as raw material for chemical /pharmaceutical synthesis” is classified as drugs.

DOI: 10.52228/NBW-JAAB.2021-3-1-6

India is rich in medicinal plant diversity which is distributed in different geographical, environmental conditions and associated tribal & folk knowledge systems. The tribal people mostly depend on forests for their livelihood and up to 70% of the rural population still depends on traditional medicine as a primary healthcare source. In the developed countries the medical drugs (25%) are based on plants and their derivatives and uses of medicinal plants among the indigenous people in rural areas of many developing countries. Ancient to the present, India has made the maximum and optimum use of this flora and fauna as herbal and medicinal purposes. These plants and trees have proved to be the best remedy to different diseases and sickness.

The State of Chhattisgarh also plays a very important role in providing these herbal and medicinal plants. A variety of species can be found. The tribal people totally depend on these plants for their living and their good health. Most of the diseases are cured by the country medicines that they make by themselves. They know how to make the best use of nature for their healthy surroundings. We have focused on the importance of the different plants and trees found on the land of Chhattisgarh.

In this work, we have introduced some herbal medicinal plants and trees and highlighted their use and importance. We have recognized their habit, botanical name, the family they belong and their uses. This sort of a small approach and trial will enable us to know the richness and remedy of different diseases. Nature has given us the great source and availability to make our society and surrounding sickness free and healthy living.

Materials and Methods

The field study was carried out during November 18, 2015, to December 02, 2015 on the Campus of Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur (Chhattisgarh). Methodology covers two types of the survey as follows:

1. Field survey

2. Literature collection

Study Area

Survey was made for documentation of medicinal plants and their identification, followed by Habit, Botanical name, Family and Uses. The campus was visited for the documentation of medicinal plants and their digital photographs were also taken. The identification was done based on different literature study (Hooker 1875; Verma et al. 1984).

Vegetation Study

The medicinal plants are arranged in their Botanical name, Family, Habit, Part used. The importance of different part of plants in the available literature was also accessed (Khare 2007).

Results and Discussion

During the study a total 78 plant species belongs to 72 genera and 35 families were recorded from the campus of Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur. All the plant species were identified and their botanical name, vernacular name, habit and different part used are listed (Table-01). Out of 35 families, 02 from monocotyledons (Poaceae and Liliaceae) and the remaining belong to dicotyledons.

The maximum reported medicinal plant family were Fabaceae (16 species) followed by Solanaceae (05), Euphorbiaceae, Asteraceae Asclepiadaceae and Rutaceae (04 species), Malvaceae and Zingiberaceae (03 Species), Acanthaceae, Combretaceae, Moraceae, Poaceae and Liliaceae (02 species) and rest of the families sharing an each species (Table-02 & Figure-01. The most dominant life form of the species reported includes herbs (36 species) followed by tree (25), shrub (09 species), climber (07 species) and tendril (02 species) were observed (Table-03 & Figure-02).

The parts of the plant primarily used are as whole plants of 25 species for different medicinal purpose followed by 21 species used as leaves, 15 species used as a root, 14 species used as a fruits/seeds and 09 species used as a bark (Table-04 & figure-03). These reports were in agreement with previous studies conducted in different parts of the world, where the leaves are cited as commonly used parts of the medicinal plants and several treatment remedies included a combination of several herbal preparations from different plant parts.

Different parts of the plant such as leaves, bark, tuberous roots, rhizome, inflorescence, fruits and seeds are being used for various medicinal purposes, such as in the treatment of fever, cough, headache, body pain and also energy tonic. Cymbopogon citratus was the most frequently cited plant for fever, and was used to a lesser extent for the treatment of common cold/cough and as “cooling”. The essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus demonstrated significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties (Kipkore et al. 2014). Other pre-clinical studies show that the aqueous extract and the essential oils of C. citratus possess considerable anti-inflammatory properties (Carlini et al. 1986; Figueirinha et al. 2010; Sforcin et al. 2009). Several in vitro studies show that Curcuma longa extracts and curcuminoids possess potent antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral properties (Moghadamtousi et al. 2014). Pomegranates have the potential to thin the blood, increase blood flow to the heart, reduce blood pressure, reduce plaque in the arteries, and reduce bad cholesterol while increasing good cholesterol (Bhowmik et al. 2013). 104 plant species has uses different disease for curing by the tribes of Dantewada, Chhattisgarh (Sahu et al. 2014). Marakwet community in Kenya used medicinal plants and 111 plants have identified to have medicinal or related uses (Kipkore et al. 2014). 101 medicinal plant species have been used for 97 prominent therapeutic purposes in the Naran Valley Western Himalaya, Pakistan (Khan et al. 2013). Tthe Uraon tribe has used 15 medicinal plant species for the treatment of diabetics (Shrivastava and Konungo 2013). Traditional healers in Jashpur district of Chhattisgarh used 55 plant species to treat various diseases (Tiwari and Mehta 2013). 400 medicinal plants have been using the people of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh to cure various ailments (Jain et al. 2006). Traditional uses of 72 plant species collected from the campus of Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi Uttar Pradesh (Verma et al. 2007).

Table 1: Diversity of medicinal plants in the campus of Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur

S.N	Local Name	Botanical Name	Family	Habit	Part used	Uses
1	Babul	Acacia arabica	Fabaceae	T	Bark, fruit, gum	Eczema, conductivities, sexual disorder
2	Apamarg	Achyranthus aspera	Amaranthacae	H	Leaves, roots	Piles, snakebite, swelling, skin diseases, insect bite
3	Bel	Aegle marmelos	Rutaceae	T	Root, leaves, fruit	Relieve pain, dyspepsia, gastritis and abdominal colic pain, dysentery
4	Aloe	Aloe vera	Liliaceae	H	Leaves	Skin aging, antiseptic, constipation
5	Sitafal	Annona squamosa L.	Annonaceae	T	Fruits, leaves	Dysentery, wounds, purgative
6	Pili kateri	Argemone maxicana	Papaveraceae	H	Latex, roots	Asthma, colic, conjunctivitis
7	Satawar	Asparagus racemosus	Liliaceae	C	Whole plants	Anxiety, cancer, diarrhea, bronchitis, tuberculosis, dementia, and diabetes.
8	Talmakhana	Asteracantha longifolia Nees.	Acanthaceae	H	Root, Leaves, Seeds	Bladder stone, jaundice, Arthritis, antibacterial.
9	Neem	Azadirachta indica A. Juss.	Meliaceae	T	Whole plants	Antifungal, antibacterial, Insecticidal, Skin diseases, smallpox
10	Vajradanti	Barleria prionitis Linn.	Acanthaceae	H	Leaves, stem	Stomach disorder, antidontalgic, bronchial asthma
11	Kachnar	Bauhinia variegata Linn.	Fabaceae	T	Leaves, flowers	Piles, ulcers and other skin diseases, antidiabetic
12		Blumea lacera	Asteraceae	H	Leaves	Antipyretic, astringent, anticholerin, diuretic
13	Punarnavaa	Boerhavia diffusa Linn.	Nyctaginaceae	H	Whole plants	Diuretic, anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic
14	Palas	Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub.	Fabaceae	T	Leaves, Flower and Seeds	Piles, menstrual disorder, diarrhoea, antimicrobial.
15	Madar	Calotropis gigantea Linn. R.Br. ex. Ait.	Asclepiadaceae	S	Whole plant	Leprosy, Purgative, bronchitis and asthma.
16	Aakh, Madaar	Calotropis procera(Ait.) R.Br.	Asclepiadaceae	S	Whole plant	Bronchial asthma, constipation, antimicrobial, spleen.
17	Lalmirch	Capsicum annuum Linn.	Solanaceae	H	Seeds, fruits	Stimulant, antiseptic, backache, muscle cramps
18	Amaltaas	Cassia fistula Linn.	Fabaceae	T	Bark, flower, fruit	Purgative, Constipation, colic, urinary disorder.
19	Chakoda	Cassia occidentalis Linn.	Fabaceae	H	Leaves, flower	Purgative, diuretic, Skin diseases, whooping cough.
20	Charota	Cassia tora Linn.	Fabaceae	H	Leaves, roots, seeds	Skin diseases, spermatorrhoea, jaundice, dysentery.
21	Manduukparni	Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urban.	Apiaceae	H	Whole plant	Adaptogen, central nervous syten relaxant, blood purifier, skin diseases, leprosy.
22	Hadjod	Cissus quadrangularis Linn.	Vitaceae	C	Whole Plants	Obesity, bone fractures, weak bones (osteoporosis)
23	Nimbu	Citrus aurantiflolia (Christm.) Swingle.	Rutaceae	T	Fruit juice	Antibacterial, Antirheumetic, Anti scorbutic, Astringent.
24	Hulhul	Cleome viscosa Linn.	Capparidaceae	H	Leaves	Anthelmintic, carminative, antiseptic
25	Butterfly Pea	Clitoria ternatea Linn.	Fabaceae	C	Leaves, Seed	Purgative, gastric acidity, diuretic.
26	Paarijaata	Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn.	Nyctanthaceae	T	Leaves, Roots, seeds,	Anti-inflammatory, hypotensive, respiratory stimulant.
27	Guggul	Balsemodendron mukul Hook. ex Stocks	Burseraceae	T	Bark	Obesity, arthritis, osteoarthritis, sciatica.
28	Keokand	Costus speciosus (Koenig) Sm.	Costaceae	H	Rhizome	Anti-inflammatory, astringent, purgative, Anthelmintic, antifungal.
29	Kali Haldi	Curcuma caesia Roxb.	Zingiberaceae	H	Rhizome	Anti-asthmatic, carminative, bronchitis.
30	Haridraa	Curcuma domestica Linn.	Zingiberaceae	H	Rhizome, flower	Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, blood purifier, antitumour.
31	Amarbel	Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.	Convolvulaceae	C	Whole plant	Hepatic, laxative and carminative.
31	Amarbel	Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.	Convolvulaceae	C	Whole plant	Hepatic, laxative and carminative.
32	Lemon Grass	Cymbopogon citratus (D.C.) Stapf.	Poaceae	H	Leaves	Stimulant, anticatarrhal, antibacterial, antifungal.
33	Dub grass	Cynodon dactylon Pers.	Poaceae	H	Whole plant	Skin diseases, bleeding piles, Antidiarrhoeal, leucoderma
34	Nagarmothaa	Cyperus rotundus Linn.	Cyperaceae	H	Whole plant	Indigestion, diarrhoea, dysentery, diuretic.
35	Seesham	Dalbergia sissoo Roxb ex DC.	Fabaceae	T	Leaves, bark,	Stimulant, Anthelmintic, antileprotic, urinary tract disorders
36	Dhatura	Datura alba Nees.	Solanaceae	S	Fruits, leaves	Headache, epilepsy, antitumor, anti-inflammatory.
37	Shaalparni	Desmodium gangeticum DC.	Fabaceae	H	Whole plant, Root	Antipyretic, diuretic, vomiting, laxative, diarrhoea.
38	Bhringraja	Eclipta alba (Linn.) Hassk.	Asteraceae	H	Whole plants	Liver diseases, Athlete’s foot, eczema, dermatitis, hair thinning and hair loss
39	Elichi	Elettaria cardamomum Maton	Zingiberaceae	H	Seeds	Indigestion, vomiting and pulmonary disease, kidney stones and gall stones
40	Amla	Emblica officinalis Gaertn.	Euphorbiaceae	T	Fruits	Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, jaundice, dysentery, gastrointestinal disorder.
41	Dudhi	Euphorbia hirta Linn.	Euphorbiaceae	H	Whole plant	Digestive problems, Intestinal worms, Gonorrhea.
42	Bargad	Ficus benghalensis Linn.	Moraceae	T	Leaves, aerial roots	Antidiabetic, dysentery, seminal weakness, leucorrhoea, nervous disorder.
43	Peepal	Ficus religiosa Linn.	Moraceae	T	Leaves, bark	Blood dysentery, bleeding piles, antitumor, antibacterial.
44	Gudmar	Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R. Br. ex Schult.	Asclapiadaceae	C	Whole plant	Stomach ailments, constipation, water retention, and liver disease, blood sugar
45	Anantmul	Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br.	Asclepiadacae	C	Whole plant	Blood purifier, antidiarrhoeal, antirheumatic, leucoderma, bleeding piles, jaundice and Dysentery.
46	China rose	Hibiscus rosa sinensis Linn.	Malvaceae	S	Flower	Stimulates menstruation, cystitis, syphilis, antidiabetic.
47	Mango	Mangifera indica Linn.	Anacardaceae	T	Fruits, leaves, bark	Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, chloretic, diuretic, diarrhoea, rheumatism. Antiseptic.
48	Lajwanti	Mimosa pudica Linn.	Fabaceae	H	Whole plants	Diarrhoea, amoebic dysentery, Indigestion, Stones, Diabetes, Snake bite
49	Karela	Momordica charantia Linn.	Cucurbitaceae	C	Whole plants	Antidiabetic, breast cancer, laxative, skin diseases.
50	Munga	Moringa oleifera Gaertn	Moringaceae	T	Root, Gum, fruit	Cardiac and circulatory stimulant antiparalytic, Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,
51	Kaner	Nerium indicum (Pers.)	Apocyanaceae	S	Root, leaves, flowers	Antibacterial, Antiseptic, Antiulcer, relive pain
52	Tulsi	Ocimum sanctum Linn.	Lamiaceae	H	Whole plants	Genitourinary diseases Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Antifungal, antimalerial
53	Bhui amla	Phyllanthus amarus Schum. &Thonn.	Euphorbiaceae	H	Whole plant	Diarrhoea, dysentery, dropsy, jaundice, intermittent fevers, urinogenital disorders
54	Bhui amla	Phyllanthus niruri Linn.	Euphorbiaceae	H	Whole plant	Antispasmodic, antipyretic, diuretic, antiviral, bactericidal
55	Ganga Imli	Pithecellobium dulce Benth.	Fabaceae	T	Seed	Astringent, febrifuge, antidysenteric, anti-inflammatory
56	Chitrak	Plumbago zylanica Linn.	Plumbaginaceae	H	Whole plant	Piles, Hemorrhoids, anti-inflammatory, and anti colic
57	Karanj	Pongamia pinnata Pierre.	Fabaceae	T	Seeds, leaves	Skin disease, antiulcer, scabies, leucoderma, pneumonia and cold.
58	Amrud	Psidium guajava Linn.	Myrtaceae	T	Fruit, leaves	Anticough, Antimicrobial, Diarrhea, Antioxidant, antidiabetic
59	Anar	Punica granatum Linn.	Punicaceae	S	Fruit, leaves	Anemia, diarrhoea, dysentery, colitis, dyspepsia and uterine disorders
60	Ashok	Saraca asoca (Roxb.) DeWilde.	Fabaceae	T	Bark flower	Cardiac disorders, abdominal colic pain, Uterine tonic, piles.
61	Bala	Sida acuta Burm. f.	Malvaceae	H	Root, leave	Astringent, cooling, stomachic, febrifuge, diuretic, sexual debility
62	Bala	Sida cordifolia Linn.	Malvaceae	H	Root, leave	Spermatorrhoea, rheumatism; neurological disorders, dysentery.
63	Makoi	Solanum nigrum Linn.	Solanaceae	H	Roots	Anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, sedative, diuretic, laxative, antiseptic.
64	Bhatakateri	Solanum xanthocarpum S. &W.	Solanaceae	H	Whole plant	Stimulant, expectorant, diuretic, laxative, febrifuge, bladder stones, skin diseases.
65	Gorkhmundi	Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. (also auct. non L.)	Asteraceae	H	Whole plants	Gastric disorders, Leucorrhea, skin diseases, bleeding piles.
66	Akarkara	Spilanthes acmella DC.	Asteraceae	H	Whole plants	Antidysenteric, Toothaches and other oral diseases, Anti-inflammatory
67	Jamun	Syzygium cumini Linn.	Myrtaceae	T	Leaves, fruits, bark	Antidiabetic, anti inflammatory, antioxidant
68	Imali	Tamarindus indica Linn.	Fabaceae	T	Pod, Leaves, Bark	Antiseptic, Cooling laxative, Astringent
69	Tephrosia	Tephrosia purpurea Linn.	Fabaceae	H	Whole plants	Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-viral and antiulcer.
70	Arjun	Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) W. & A.	Combretaceae	T	Bark, roots & leaves	Cardiac stimulant, bladder stone, antioxidant, asthma
71	Baheda	Terminalia bellirica Roxb.	Combretaceae	T	Fruit	Anthelmintic, antiasthmatic, antibacterial, anemia
72	Giloe	Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. f. &Thoms.	Menispermaceae	C	Whole plants	Jaundice, diabetes, antidiarrhoeal and antidysenteric
73	Bringraj	Tridax procumbens Linn.	Asteraceae	H	Leaves	Styptic, antidiarrhoeal, antidysenteric, antiseptic
74	Wild Onion	Urginea indica (Roxb.) Kunth	Liliaceae	H	Seeds	Cardiac tonic, whooping cough, Insecticidal activity
75	Nirgundi	Vitex negundo Linn.	Verbenaceae	S	Leaves	Muscle relaxant, spermatorrhoea, anti mosquito, ant -anxiety, antiasthma.
76	Ashwagandha	Withania somnifera Kaul (cultivated var.)	Solanaceae	H	Root	Anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, diuretic.
77	Tejbal	Zanthoxylum armatum DC.	Rutaceae	T	Bark, Fruits, Seeds	Tooth ache, antibacterial, antifungal and deodorant cough, and fever, skin diseases
78	Ber	Ziziphus jujube (Lam.) Gaertn. non-Mill.	Rutaceae	T	Leaves, fruit	Astringent, anodyne, cooling, stomachic, asthma, and eye diseases.
H-Herbs, S-Shrub, T-Tree, C-Climber

Table 2: Diversity of medicinal plant according to Families

SN	Name of family	No of medicinal plants species
1	Acanthaceae	02
2	Amaranthacae	01
3	Anacardiaceae	01
4	Annonaceae	01
5	Apiaceae	01
6	Apocyanaceae	01
7	Asclepiadaceae	04
8	Asteraceae	05
9	Bursaceae	01
10	Capparidaceae	01
11	Combretaceae	02
12	Convolvulaceae	01
13	Costaceae	01
14	Cucurbitaceae	01
15	Cyperaceae	01
16	Euphorbiaceae	04
17	Fabaceae	16
18	Lamiaceae	01
19	Liliaceae	02
20	Malvaceae	03
21	Meliaceae	01
22	Menispermaceae	01
23	Moraceae	02
24	Moringaceae	01
25	Myrtaceae	02
26	Nyctaginaceae	01
27	Nyctanthaceae	01
28	Papaveraceae	01
29	Plumbaginaceae	01
30	Poaceae	02
31	Punicaceae	01
32	Rutaceae	04
33	Solanaceae	05
34	Verbenaceae	01
35	Zingiberaceae	03

Table 3: Diversity of medicinal plants according to their habit

SN	Habit	No of plants
1	Herbs	38
2	Shrub	07
3	Tree	25
4	Climber	08

Table 4: Diversity of medicinal plant parts according to their uses

S.N.	Plant part used	No of plant species
1	Whole plants	26
2	Roots	15
3	Bark	11
4	Leaves	30
5	Flower	10
6	Fruits/Seeds	26
7	Gum	02

Figure 1: Diversity of Medicinal plants based on Families

Figure 2: Diversity of medicinal plants based on habit

Figure 3: Diversity of medicinal plants based on part used

Conclusion

This study reports the quantitative diversity of medicinal plant in the campus of Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur. A total 77 plant species belonging to 35 families were recorded. Among them Fabaceae and Solanaceae are the most dominated family in the study site. The majorities of the medicinal plants are herbs and tree habits; whereas the whole plant and leaves are mostly used in the different medicinal purposes in our medicinal system. Further research is also needed to survey more plants in this area and isolate the plants bio-active chemical compounds for drug developments.

Acknowledgments

The author is thankful to the Vice-chancellor and Registrar, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur (Chhattisgarh) India for the permission to survey on the campus. I am thankful to the Librarian, Pt. Sundar Lal Shrama Library, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur (Chhattisgarh) for providing library facilities.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

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