Introduction
Cancer starts
when cells grow out of control; the present paper discusses breast cancer,
which begins in the breast, hence the name. It is the second most common cause
of death of cancer among women all over the world. Occur mostly in women, but
men can get breast cancer too. Approximately in the USA, 2600 men develop male
breast cancer annually, making less than 1% of all cases. Among them, transgender
women are more probably to develop breast cancer than cisgender men. Thus,
professional physicians estimated that approx 5-10% of breast cancers are due to
generational mutations. Various genes are involved in the regulatory mechanism
of cancer. Still, these two are the most critical in breast cancer development,
i.e., Gene 1(BARCA10) and Gene 2(BARCA 2) significantly increase breast cancer
risk. The risk increases if a family member is diagnosed with breast cancer,
particularly at a young age. Still, most people diagnosed with breast cancer
have no family background. There are a few reasons which initiate breast cancer,
like receiving radiation treatment on the chest that increases the risk of
breast cancer, the beginning of periods before the age of 12 also increases the
risk of breast cancer, women who have never been pregnant have a greater risk
than women who had pregnancies, drinking alcohol may also increase the risk of
breast cancer (Feng et al. 2018).
Data on Breast Cancer Worldwide
DOI: 10.52228/NBW-JAAB.2020-2-1-5
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According to the latest data from the National Cancer Institute, the rate
of new cases of females is 126.9 per 100,000 women per year, and the death rate
is 19.6 per 100,000 women per year; this data is based on 2016-2020 cases.
Approximately 13.0 % of women will be diagnosed every year. 90.8% is the
survival rate of all diagnosed patients, as per the 2013-2020 report. In 2023
estimated cases are 297,790. Till May found, 15.2 % of cases were, and the
estimated death is 43,170 found 7.1% of this.
Stages of Breast Cancer
According
to Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, breast cancer have categorized into the different stages:
Stage 0- Abnormal
cells are present but not spread to nearby tissues.
Stage 1-
Cancer has spread to other tissue in a small area.
Stage 2-
Tumor is between 20-50 mm, with some lymph nodes involved, or a tumor larger
than 50 mm with no lymph nodes involved.
Stage 3- The
tumor is more significant than 50 mm, with more lymph nodes involved across a
wider region; in some cases, no tumor is present. Cancer may have spread to the
skin and chest wall.
Stage 4-
Cancer has spread beyond the breast to other body parts.
Parts of the Breast that Initiate
the Breast Cancer
Based to the
Mayo Clinic initiation of breast cancer have various phases, these are
following:
1.
Lobules are the gland that makes
breastmilk cancer starts from hence called lobular cancer.
2.
Ducts are small canals that come
out via lobules. They carry milk to the nipples, the most common part of the
breast where cancer starts. The cancer that begins from the duct is called
ductal cancer.
3.
The nipple is the
opening in the skin where ducts come together and turn into larger ducts so the
milk can leave the breast; the nipple is surrounded by darker skin called the areola.
It is a less common type of breast cancer called Paget.
Diagnosis procedure
There are various procedures for
managing cancer; here are some specific diagnosis patterns suggested for the
initial phase:
1. Physical
examination and health history: They
check general signs of health, including checking for disease, such as lumps or
anything else that seems unusual—an account of a patient's health habits.
2. Clinical breast exam: An
examination of the breast by a doctor or other health professionals.
3. Mammogram: An x-ray of
the breast.
4. Ultrasound examines: High-energy
sound waves bounce off internal tissues and produce echoes. Then
echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram. Then the image
can be printed.
5. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): Uses a
magnet, radio waves, and a computer to make detailed pictures of breasts.
This procedure is also known as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging (NMRI).
6. Blood chemistry studies: A blood
sample is tested to measure the amounts of certain substances released into the
blood from organs and tissues. An unusual (higher or lower) quantity of a sense
can be a sign of disease.
7. Biopsy: Removal
of cells or tissues that pathologists can view to examine for signs of
cancer.
Treatment
In cancer
treatment, doctors specializing in different areas of cancer treatment – such
as surgery, radiation oncology, and medical oncology- work with radiologists
and pathologists to create a patient overall treatment plan that combines
different types of treatment called a multidisciplinary team (Berardi et al.,
2020).
1. Immunotherapy- This
therapy uses the body's natural defense to fight cancer by improving our immune
system's capacity to attack cancer cells. The drug which is given in
immunotherapy is called an immune checkpoint inhibitor. It is used for the
treatment of high-risk, early-stage triple-negative breast cancer. This
therapy's most common side effects are skin rashes, flu-like symptoms, thyroid
problems, diarrhea, and weight changes.
2. Chemotherapy- This
therapy destroys the cancer cells. If cancer has a high risk of returning or
spreading to another part of the body, the doctors recommend time chemotherapy.
Hair loss, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and increased development of infection
are the common side effects.
3. Hormone therapy-Sensitive
to the hormone, doctors refer to this cancer as estrogen receptor positive and
progesterone receptor positive causes. Night sweats, vaginal dryness, and more
severe side effects are bone thinning and blood clots.
4. Radiation therapy uses a high-powered
energy beam, such as x- rays, and protons, to kill cancer cells. This technique
has side effects, like fatigue and redness; breast tissue may appear swollen or
firm, rarely damage the heart or lungs, or second cancer in the treated area.
[site 6]
5. Mastectomy is a surgical procedure performed
on breast cancer by removing the cancerous tissue or entire breast to prevent
the spread or development of cancer. It is the most common and viable surgical
option for women with early-stage cancer; apart from a lumpectomy, the tumor is
removed.
Habits and Behavioural Changes to
Reduce the Chances of Breast Cancer
According
to Hashemi et al. (2014), various routine activities can minimize the
prevalence or management of breast cancer
·
Breastfeeding.
·
Physical activity.
·
Avoid alcohol consumption
and smoking.
·
Avoid excessive radiation
exposure.
·
Maintaining a healthy
lifestyle.
The
researcher and professional oncologist stated that if they strictly followed
all the suggestions, this would be reduced to only 30% of all cases.