Introduction

 The most significant substance found on earth is water which is about 70% of the earth. The persistence and nature of human life depend upon the accessibility of freshwater (Bharathi et al. 2013). As per World Health Organization (WHO), safe and wholesome drinking water is a fundamental requirement for human development, well-being, and prosperity and it is a universally known human right (Bhavimani et al. 2014).

The physical, chemical and biological deterioration of water bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater is known as water pollution which is a major issue worldwide. It is also responsible for the deaths of more than thousands of people daily. Increase in different activities of human, industrial waste, fertilizers in crop fields, water should polluted by different chemicals and hazardous substances. So, regular monitoring the quality of drinking water is very essential (Patil et al. 2012). Otherwise by uptake of this polluted water peoples cause various diseases caused by water such as Typhoid, Cholera, Dysentery, etc. The release of industrial effluents and contaminated compounds into riverine systems signifies continuous ecological issue thus representing a potential risk to human health (Banerjee and Gupta 2013).

Wastewater released from sewage and from various industrial activities is significant contributors to water contamination, resulting in an increase in biological oxygen demand and nutrient enrichment of the water bodies, causing eutrophication (algal blooms) and consequently leaving a destabilized marine ecosystem (Singh et al. 2015). Water quality implies the physical, chemical and biological properties of water. For successful support of water quality through suitable control measures, continuous observing of an enormous number of value parameters is important (Chakraborty et al. 2017). For the development of plant and water organisms, different parameters of water like; dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, nutrients, temperature, hardness, can play a vital role. And the level of bio-chemical oxygen demand in water body can indicator of inorganic water contamination. In nature level of different contaminants increase is due to exploitation of natural resource, population, urbanization, industrialization and also by the use of fertilisers in crop field which cause severe damage in our environment (Mehedi et al. 1999). The objective of this study was to determine the various physical, chemical and biological parameters of water samples from five different ponds of Raipur.

Materials and methods

Sample collection

The samples were collected in the morning at 10 am from five ponds of Raipur namely- Dudhadari Talab, Budha Talab, Mahadeva Talab, Kankali Talab and Daganiya Talab. The water samples were collected in BOD bottle under one meter deep of pond and after collection water sample was stored at 4°C for further use.

Measurement of different Physico-chemical characteristics of pond water

Physico-chemical parameters of all the water samples were analysed such as- Temperature, Colour, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Turbidity. Chemical Water Quality Parameters like; pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and biological parameter such as MPN.

Determination of Temperature

 The temperature of the pond water was measured by using a thermometer at the time of collection.

 Determination of Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

TSS calculated by the formula

TSS (mg/l) =

B = Final weight of filter paper (g)

A = Initial weight of filter paper (g)

V = Volume of water sample taken.

Determination TDS and EC

The Total Dissolved Solid and EC of the samples were determined using a TDS/EC analyser (Model ELICO CM 183).

Determination of pH

The pH of selected pond water samples was find out using digital pH meter (Model ELICO LI 120) after proper calibration with standard buffers.

Determination of Turbidity

Turbidity was measured by Turbidimeter (Eutech turbidimeter TN-100) in Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU).

Determination of DO and BOD

The analysis of DO and BOD, was measured by DO Analyser (ELICO PE 135). The BOD in mgL^-1 was measured by applying the equation:

                    BOD₃ (mg/l) = D₁-D₂

where, D1 is  initial  DO  of  sample  (mgL^-1)  and  D₂  is  DO after 3 days which was incubated at 27°C after  addition to 1 ml of 0.5% allylthiourea in to each bottle for providing nutrition for microbial growth.

Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

COD of any given water sample is measured by the titrimetric method. COD is calculated by given formula

COD of sample (mg/litre) =

Where,

C = Concentration of titrant

A = Volume of titrant used for sample (ml)

B = Volume of titrant used for blank (ml)

S = Volume of water sample taken (ml)

 Biological characteristics of pond water

The biological water quality parameter was determined by Most Probable Number Method (MPN) and through isolation of bacterial and fungal colony present in water sample.

Most Probable Number Method (MPN)

MPN test is performed in 3 steps i.e., Presumptive test, Confirmatory test and Completed test. The presumptive test is a screening test to detect the presence of coliform organisms. For Presumptive test lactose broth was prepared of single and double strength concentration. For confirmatory test Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) Agar media was prepared.

Microbial Isolation

For this NAM (Nutrient Agar medium) and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium was prepared. Isolation of microorganisms was done through serial dilution method. For bacterial isolation, pre-poured NAM plate was used. For fungus, pre-poured PDA medium plate was used. Then different colony characteristics of the bacterial and fungal isolates were studied by slide preparation.

Results and Discussion

Present study deals with the physico-chemical analysis of water by using different parameters.

Temperature

Temperature is one of the most significant among the other physical parameters which influence the aquatic ecology (Huet et al. 1986). In present study temperature of 5 various ponds lies between 19-21°C (Table 1).

Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

The suspended solid present in water bodies mainly depends on the bed rocks and soil developed near on that area. Presence of suspended solids is increase in water due to breakdown of organic matter. In the present study, the highest concentration of (TSS) recorded was 5200 mg/l in water sample of Mahadeva talab and lowest TSS (2600 mg/l) was found in water sample of Kankali talab. In this study total suspended solid of different ponds were found to be varied from 2800-5200 mg/l (Table 1).

Total Dissolved Solids 

The total dissolved solids (TDS) of 5 different ponds lies between 340-790 ppm (Table 1). Maximum TDS was observed in water sample of Mahadeva talab (790.6 ppm), and minimum TDS value was determined in water sample of Daganiya talab (340 ppm).

Colour

The colour of the pond water varies from light yellow to light green.

Turbidity

The turbidity of the five ponds was varied between 17 NTU to 155 NTU (Table 1).

 Electrical conductivity (EC)

Water electrical conductivity is totally dependent on concentration and nature of salts, level of pollution and source; industrial or domestic effluents (organic and inorganic) presence on them. Electrical conductivity of 5 various samples of this study were given in (Table 1).

 Table 1: Physical Water Quality Parameters

Table 2: Chemical Water Quality Parameters

Table 3: Most Probable Number (MPN)

pH

In the present study the pH estimation of the pond indicated alkaline nature. The pH of the pond water varied in the range 8.35-9.08 (Table 2).

Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Oxygen amount in water is important for the solubilisation of salts and nutrients, which is essential for organisms. The suitable amount of oxygen can help the aquatic ecosystem and organisms to survive and exist in ecological pond food chain. Without oxygen, tropic level and biodiversity of water ecosystem will disturb or destroy. In this study DO of different ponds were examined which indicates the level of oxygen (Table 2).

 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

 The BOD of various pond water samples varied from 0.9-1.3 mg/l (Table 2).

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

 The COD of various pond water samples varied from 0.48-1.52 mg/l (Table 2).

 Most Probable Number (MPN)

The fermentation of lactose by coliform bacteria results in the production of acid and gas and also colour changes to yellow which indicates positive results (Table 3) that coliform bacterium may be present. Some microorganisms other than coliforms also produce acid and gas from lactose fermentation. For confirming the presence of coliform organisms, a confirmatory test is done. For this inoculum from each positive tube of the confirmatory test is streaked on an EMB plate. Coliform bacteria produces dark, blue-black colonies with a metallic green shine on EMB plates. To determine the MPN of 100 ml water sample, positive tubes are counted and referred to the standard MPN Chart.

 Microbial culture isolation

Presence of different microorganisms in pond water sample was analyzed. In the analysis different bacterial colony were found in all the five pond water sample and their colony characters were studied. Isolation of fungi was also conducted and found different species of fungi in pond water (Table 4). This investigation clearly indicated that the entire water sample had high biological contamination.

Table 4: Fungi isolated from different Pond water sample

Aquatic animals modify their body temperature according to the environment and are sensitive to rapid temperature variations. Pond water in the month of January is 18-24°C this temperature is suitable for organism living in pond (Bharathi et al. 2015). According to Swarnakar et al. (2015) total amount of suspended solids composition of water was depends on the nature of bed rocks present near them and nature of soil on that area. Amount of solids in water body are enhancing due to degradation of organic matter. Tiwari et al. (2015) concluded that total dissolved solids in water are due to presence of several inorganic salts and other dissolved materials. They also said that amount of different salts like potassium, iron, magnesium, carbonates, sulphate, calcium in balanced concentration can help full for humans and different organisms. And increase in the concentration of these salts cause destructive effect. Turbidity refers to the decreased ability of water to transmit light caused by suspended particulate matter and phytoplankton. According to (Bhavimani et al. 2014) 20-30 NTU is suitable for fish culture. But in present study we observed Mahadeva Talab has highest turbidity of 155 NTU and minimum turbidity (17 NTU) was observed in Kankali Talab (K) water sample. pH is an important parameter which needs to be maintained because it affects the metabolism and other physiological processes of culture organisms. In the present study the pH of water samples of pond varied from 8.3-9.0. Bhavimani et al. (2014) found pH levels in the pond in the range of 7.5 to 9.5 which was similar to present investigation. Dissolved oxygen (DO) is one of the most important parameters in aquaculture. In the study DO value are higher according to Bisht et al. (2013) High BOD is an indication of poor water quality and low BOD is an indication of good water quality. According to Sisodia et al. (2014) the values are lower than the permissible limit set by CPCB of 2 mg/L for safe drinking water. For the industrial water sample the BOD value was far lower than the permissible limit set by CPCB of 30 mg/L. One reason behind this could be the lower presence of organic matter in the industrial waste. Higher organic content leads to higher consumption of dissolved oxygen which increases the BOD.

 Conclusion

 On the earth all living organisms need water for their survival and growth. Water plays a vital role in human life. Due to increasing urbanization and modernization the sources of water are drastically polluted because of the increased human activities. Water quality is mainly depends on the components and its concentration which is present in the water, decides its level of purity. The present study had revealed different physico-chemical properties of water sample of 5 different ponds of Raipur. Many of samples showed high TDS value than permissible limit. The value of other different physico-chemical properties is also compared with recommended standard limit of WHO, CPCB and BIS.

Conflict of interest

 Authors had no conflict of interest.

 Acknowledgement

 Authors would like to thank School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University Raipur, (CG) for providing the laboratory facilities for completion of this work.

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